Applicability of acoustic emissions to monitoring the mechanical integrity of bolted structures in low speed rotating machinery: case study

Monitoring the integrity of equipment rotating at low rotational speeds presents an increased difficulty to the diagnostician. The most successful monitoring technique, vibration analysis, is not capable of measuring the fundamental frequency of operation at rotational speeds below 300 rpm. Typically, low speed machines are massive in size and consequently when mechanical defects begin to occur the resulting vibration is often very low and serious faults can go undetected.This paper presents a case study on the application of high frequency acoustic emissions as a means of detecting early stages of loss of mechanical integrity in low speed rotating machinery. Investigations were centred on the rotating biological contactor (RBC) which is used for sewage treatment in small communities and rotates at approximately 1 rpm. The results presented were obtained from an operational unit that suffered a fractured stub shaft retaining bolt head. Evidence to support the inadequacies of vibration analysis and the applicability of acoustic emissions to detecting this fault condition are detailed. The mechanism responsible for the generation of acoustic emissions was the relative movement between mating components experiencing loss of mechanical integrity, in this instance the movement of a threaded bolt within its female recess, and the movement of the bolt shank within the clearance hole.     

细铁尾矿砂和养护条件对高强碱激发砂浆力学性能及微观结构的影响

本文探究了采用细铁尾矿砂(FIOTS)代替石英砂(SS)制备高强碱激发砂浆(HAAM)的可能性。以粉煤灰和矿粉作为碱激发材料的前驱物,利用MTS万能试验机研究FIOTS/SS质量比及养护条件对粉煤灰-矿粉基HAAM基本力学性能的影响,结合X射线衍射(XRD)、电子扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS),揭示碱激发产物的微观物相组成、形貌特征及化学组成与宏观力学性能的关系。试验结果表明,随着FIOTS/SS质量比的增加,HAAM的抗压强度与劈裂强度逐渐降低。室内养护下HAAM的力学性能最高,其次是标准养护和水中养护,同时水中养护试件力学性能的降低程度随FIOTS替代率增加而更加显著。HAAM力学性能的降低主要由于FIOTS中的Fe元素抑制碱激发反应过程,并生成对力学性能无益的矿物相。     

Nb微合金化对Cr-Ni-Mo-V系高强钢组织及力学性能的影响

对含Nb与不含Nb的Cr-Ni-Mo-V系高强钢进行880℃×1 h淬火+300℃×3 h回火处理,并采用SEM、EBSD、TEM和物理化学相分析等技术分别对其微观组织和析出相进行观察分析。结果表明,添加了0.035%Nb的试验钢组织得到细化,马氏体板条块尺寸从3.1μm下降至2.9μm,且Nb的添加使得MC型析出相的含量增加,析出相尺寸分布得到优化,尺寸在18～200 nm的析出相含量明显增加。由于析出相含量的增加,固溶C含量有所下降,加之含Nb试验钢中的原始C含量稍低,导致含Nb钢的强度稍有下降,但仍达到2000 MPa水平。而马氏体组织的细化及析出相尺寸分布的优化使含Nb试验钢韧性明显提升,室温和-40℃低温冲击吸收能量(KU₂)均提高至44 J。     

发动机缸盖螺栓疲劳断裂失效分析

通过断口(宏观)形貌分析、微观组织分析、化学成分检测以及硬度测试等手段对SCM435钢发动机缸盖螺栓的疲劳断裂进行失效分析。结果表明,失效SCM435钢缸盖螺栓的化学成分和显微组织合格,硬度符合技术要求。失效样件1的断裂原因为表面脱碳引起的脆性断裂,螺栓断裂部位的表面脱碳层宽为120μm;失效样件2主要是非金属夹杂物所引起的疲劳断裂,近球状的CaS-CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO复合型冶金夹杂物造成了沿晶裂纹。对材料的塑韧性、表面脱碳及非金属夹杂物等指标,提出了改善建议。     

退火工艺路径对980MPa级高强钢组织及性能的影响

为了提升980 MPa级高强钢局部成形性能,采用万能试验机、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)及综合成形试验机等研究了不同退火工艺路径的980 MPa高强钢微观组织和力学性能,并评价了其扩孔及局部成形性能。结果表明,除了有铁素体和马氏体两相外,新型Q&T工艺的组织结构还存在回火马氏体中间相,铁素体和马氏体平均晶粒尺寸分别为3.14μm和2.62μm,马氏体面积分数为61.0%,而传统工艺下为典型的铁素体及马氏体双相组织,铁素体和马氏体平均晶粒尺寸分别为4.77μm和2.77μm,马氏体面积分数为35.8%。两种工艺伸长率相差不大,但屈服强度和扩孔率具有明显差异,新型Q&T工艺下获得了更高的屈强比及扩孔性能,得益于其更小铁素体晶粒尺寸及铁素体和马氏体硬度差。传统工艺下真实断裂应变(TFS)与真实均匀应变ε_u比值为7.0,而新型Q&T工艺下比值为15.2,因此新型Q&T工艺下具有更优异的局部成形特性。     

Effect of heat input on the mechanical properties of welded joints in high-strength steels

Experiments were carried out to determine the properties of the welded joints in 8 mm thick high-strength steels produced by quenching and tempering and thermomechanical rolling with accelerated cooling (tensile strength 821–835 MPa). The dependence of the strength, elongation, hardness, impact energy and crack opening displacement on the heat input in the range 1.0–0.7 kJ mm^? 1 was determined. The results show that the dependence of the strength of the welded joints decreases and that of the elongation increases. The heat input has only a slight effect on the impact energy and crack opening displacement in the heat-affected zone.     

Producing hardfacing composite materials for ecologically safe technologies

The application of hardfacing materials for producing high-strength coatings on components working in abrasive wear conditions is one of the important directions of research into increasing the service life of road construction, agricultural and other types of equipment. However, in producing this equipment, the ecological safety requirements are sometimes ignored and this results in negative effects on the environment and the health of personnel. This article describes the results of scientific and research investigations of the team of authors to develop a cladding powder by the method of chemical gas phase deposition of nickel tetracarbonyl on the surface of aluminium oxide particles and application of the powder for producing wear-resistant coatings. The powder materials are deposited in a closed cycle excluding contact of the personnel with toxic substances and emission of contaminants into the atmosphere, resulting in a safe process. Plasma coatings with the required physical–mechanical properties have been produced. This confirms the efficiency of the approaches used in this case and increases the service life of working sections of machines subjected to abrasive wear.     

H级高强防腐抽油杆用钢的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变

采用DIL805L淬火膨胀仪,研究了H级高强防腐抽油杆用钢过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变过程中,冷速对显微组织和硬度的影响.结果表明:该试验钢在连续冷却过程中,CCT曲线呈现明显的整体右移现象,珠光体转变非常少,铁素体-珠光体转变区与贝氏体-马氏体转变区分离.硬度随冷速变化呈现两个阶段:包括低冷速下的快速增长和高冷速下的趋于稳...     

30CrMnSiA钢沉头螺栓断裂失效分析

某飞机用30CrMnSiA钢沉头螺栓在拆卸过程中发生断裂,同炉批未曾使用的螺栓经磁粉检测也存在裂纹.为查找失效分析原因,通过对断裂件和同炉批开裂的螺栓外观检查、断口宏微观分析、能谱分析、硬度检测、金相分析等方法对断裂和开裂的螺栓进行了分析.结果表明:断裂螺栓和开裂螺栓断裂类型为氢脆,螺栓氢脆断裂主要与抗拉强度和热处理工...     

铸钢轮装制动盘螺栓孔裂纹产生原因分析

以存在螺栓孔裂纹的铸钢轮装制动盘为研究对象,通过裂纹断口宏微观形貌观察、显微组织分析、拉伸性能测试、冲击性能测试、布氏硬度测试等手段分析了制动盘摩擦面螺栓孔裂纹的性质和成因。结果表明:裂纹属于热疲劳裂纹,螺栓孔倒棱处及摩擦面附近存在缩孔、疏松等铸造缺陷是导致制动盘在制动过程中循环交变热应力驱动下产生裂纹的主要原因;粗大的沿枝晶状分布组织降低了制动盘的强度、韧性和热疲劳性能,加速了裂纹的扩展。