经典热力学发展概述

热力学三大基本定律是热现象宏观理论的基础,是研究热现象的必备条件,对化工生产乃至社会的发展起着不可磨灭的作用。为此,了解热力学三大基本定律的建立及其内容显得尤为必要。本文简要概述了经典热力学在化工生产中的应用及其发展历程和存在的局限性。     

Overlapping with Jack Dunitz

The starting point was an overlap with Jack Dunitz in studies on the preferred conformation of the carboxyl group in saturated and unsaturated acids, esters and amides, orientational disorder of the hydrogen-bonded carboxylic acid dimer in benzoic acid crystal structures, and intramolecular lone pair-lone pair repulsion between oxygen atoms. The journey described here outlines a search to establish the existence of C−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds and engineering cocrystals that incorporate intermolecular lone pair-lone pair repulsion between oxygen atoms.     

Thermal history and its implications: A case study for ion exchange

Glasses containing monovalent species can be chemically strengthened by the replacement of smaller ions in the glass with larger external ions in the near glass surface. This type of ion exchange puts glass surface under high compressive stress (CS). Glass mainly fails from tension with the presence of surface flaws. Chemical strengthening can change the stress at the flaw tip from tension to compression and further stop the flaw from propagating. Glass damage resistance is therefore significantly improved. For the same glass composition, glass thermal histories can affect the magnitude and depth of the CS generated during ion exchange. In this study, the impact of thermal history on glass physical properties and ion exchange attributes in one alkali-containing glass formed by fusion draw process was investigated. Multiple thermal treatments were done to rewrite the glass thermal histories. Glass density, refractive index, and ion-exchange properties as a function of the thermal treatment were studied. It is concluded that ion exchange-related properties change dramatically with the glass thermal history.     

中天山东段花岗岩类铷-锶年代学及构造演化

对中天山东段具有代表性的7个花岗岩体作了Rb-Sr年代学研究,其等时线年龄和~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr初始值分别为:平顶山岩体,913.8±4.5 Ma,0.7189;天湖东岩体,696.9±5.7Ma,0.7124;选矿场后山岩体,724.0±8.1Ma,0.7151;砂垄东岩体,470.0±3.0Ma,0.7058;尾亚岩体内带,379.1±1.4Ma,0.7027;尾亚岩体中带,379.7Ma;白石头泉岩体,209.6±9.6Ma,0.9873。它们分别归属雪峰、期澄江期、加里东期和印支期。元古代花岗岩主要是同造山的原地-半原地片麻状花岗岩;加里东花岗岩为一些弧立分布的等轴-短轴状侵入体,岩性主要为花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩;印支期花岗岩则以高度演化的二云母-天河石花岗岩为特征。塔里木古陆北缘除了中、晚元古代大陆增生外,还发育一条加里东期优地槽褶皱带,而中天山则是该代地槽带中的一个中、晚元古代中间地块(地层地体)。至上古生代,中天山东段具有被动大陆边缘的性质,因而明显缺乏海西期岩浆活动。     

Thermal expansion and Young's modulus evolution of fused silica and crystalline silica-containing materials

Fused silica bricks (FSBs) with exceptional thermal shock resistance are frequently used to repair localized damage in coke ovens and are hold promising candidates for the efficient construction of new coke ovens. To maximize their utilization, the effects of thermal history on the thermal expansion and Young's modulus evolution of FSBs were investigated in comparison to crystalline silica bricks (CSBs). Due to the gradual phase transformation of fused silica into cristobalite, the thermal expansion of FSBs are sensitive to the thermal cycle; both silica materials exhibit an increase in thermal expansion after five cycles at 1200°C, whereas the thermal expansion of CSBs is five times greater than that of FSBs. When the testing temperature is less than 1000°C, Young's modulus of CSBs is more sensitive to the thermal history, which is caused by phase transformation-induced microcracks. This sensitivity reduces when the testing temperature is 1200°C, as microcracks healed by liquid phase as well as the softening of residual glass phase. By contrast, when the testing temperature is 1200°C, Young's modulus of fused silica specimens is sensitive to the thermal history owing to the microcracks caused by the gradual phase transformation of fused silica to cristobalite.     

Symmetry properties and bifurcation analysis of a class of periodically forced chemical reactors

In this work, we discuss how periodic forcing may induce symmetry properties into mathematical models of chemical reactors. We define a class of reactors subjected to discontinuous periodic forcing, and show that all the reactors belonging to this class have spatio-temporal symmetry. This symmetry and its influence on the possible bifurcation scenarios are discussed. The bifurcation analysis is carried out with suitable discrete systems that exploit a property of the Poincaré map. In fact, it is shown that the spatio-temporal symmetry induced by the forcing makes the Poincaré map of the continuous system an iterate of another map. On this basis, a technique to implement parameter continuation methods is proposed. With such a technique, it is also possible to characterize symmetric and nonsymmetric regimes and unstable limit sets otherwise undetected with “bruteforce” approaches. Examples for reverseflow reactors and networks of n-reactors with periodically switched feed and discharge positions are presented.     

消能支撑框架结构的研究与应用

对几种型式的消能器进行了减震机理分析 ,对消能支撑框架模型进行了低周反复荷载试验和振动台试验 ,编制了非线性有限元分析程序和弹塑性时程分析程序 ,并将研究结果应用于实际工程     

我国橡胶助剂工业的现状及前景

介绍了我国橡胶助剂工业的历史和现状，分析了存在的问题及发展机遇，并对我国橡胶助剂工业的发展提出建议。     

Distinctive combustion stages of single heavy oil droplet under microgravity

This report presents an investigation on the combustion of single droplets comprised of heavy oil and oil mixtures blending diesel light oil (LO) and a heavy oil residue (HOR). The tests were conducted in a microgravity facility that offered 10 s of free-fall time. Fine wire thermocouples supported the droplets, resulting in a measurement of droplet temperature history. Additional data were the droplet and flame size history. The results identified four distinctive burning stages between ignition and extinction for heavy oil (C class) and HOR-LO blends. They are, in succession, the start-up, inner evaporation, thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) and polymerization stages. The start-up stage denoted an initial transient period, where the LO components burned from the droplet surface and the droplet temperature increased rapidly. The latter three stages featured pronounced droplet swellings and contractions caused by fuel evaporation and decomposition inside the droplet. An evaporation temperature demarcated the start-up stage from the inner evaporation stage, and this temperature corresponded to a plateau in the temperature history of the droplet. Two additional temperatures, termed the decomposition and polymerization temperatures, indicated the ends of the evaporation and decomposition stages. These temperatures were similarly identified by plateaus or inflection points in the time-temperature diagram. The evaporation temperature gradually decreased with increasing the initial LO mass fraction in the droplet, whereas the other two temperatures were almost independent of the oil composition. All three temperatures increased with decreasing initial droplet diameter, but the dependence was very slight. Based on the results, the combustion of heavy oil droplets appears to be dominated by a distillation-like vaporization mechanism, because of the rapid mass transport within the droplets caused by the disruptive burning.     

Two‐Parameter Continuation and Bifurcation Strategies for Oscillatory Behavior Elimination from a Zymomonas mobilis Fermentation System

Two‐parameter continuation and bifurcation analysis strategies were applied to deal with the oscillatory phenomena of a Zymomonas mobilis ethanol fermentation system. A structured verified non‐linear mathematical model considering the physiological limitations of microorganisms for a single continuous fermenter for ethanol production using Z. mobilis was built to identify the Hopf bifurcation (HB) points, which indicate the oscillatory behavior, using the inlet substrate concentration and the dilution rate as bifurcation parameters. The path of the HB points can be determined with different controlling operating parameters. It was found that with the addition of a small amount of cells or ethanol to the feed stream or by increasing the dilution rate, the oscillations could be eliminated and steady‐state behavior was attained. Using a two‐parameter continuation strategy, the Z. mobilis fermentation system could operate at steady state without oscillatory behavior.