长江水文测验体系创新实践与方向性问题探讨

为了满足大规模新增水文站网运行管理和"大水文"发展的需求,及提高人力资源配置效率,结合长江水文多年发展和改革创新的经验,提出了构建水文监测创新体系的四大体系,即水文监测管理体系、水文监测服务体系、水文监测技术支撑体系、水文监测质量控制体系。同时,分析了在当前新常态背景下,水文行业在水环境水生态监测、水资源中长期预测预报、水文信息化建设、海绵城市与城市发展等方面面临的新问题和发展方向。     

设计降雨特征的多变量分析方法

鉴于径流数据缺乏且难以长期监测,而降雨数据相对完整,通常假定降雨和径流同频率,以设计降雨作为前端输入进行水文分析.在重新定义设计降雨特征变量的基础上,针对目前普遍采用的基于单变量分析的暴雨强度公式法存在的不足,提出一种基于Copula函数的降雨特征多变量分析方法;并以广州1961—2012年历史降雨数据为例,分析了设计降雨量与降雨峰值组合风险概率.研究表明:基于Copula函数的降雨多变量分析能更加全面地反映降雨特征,有利于提高水文分析计算精度.该方法还可根据水文分析的需求进行2变量及以上的降雨特征量组合分析.     

3维Copula函数在降雨特征多变量频率分析中的应用

鉴于径流数据缺乏且难以长期监测而降雨数据相对完整,通常假定降雨和径流同频率,采用设计降雨进行水文分析计算,但此方法很难真实全面地反映降雨变化特征.为此,提出一种基于3维Copula函数的降雨特征多变量频率分析方法.首先利用降雨强度法将连续的降雨时间序列分割成若干个降雨事件,采用年最大值法取样,统计出表征雨量的特征变量,然后引入3维Copula函数构建降雨特征3变量联合概率模型,并以广州1961~2012年历史降雨数据为例进行分析.结果表明,基于3维Copula函数的多变量分析方法计算简单、可靠性高,可以进行3种不同降雨特征变量的组合分析,得到各种不同量级变量的遭遇概率和条件概率,能够更全面地反映降雨特征并更好地满足水文分析计算需求.     

Biofilm Responses to Flow Regulation by Dams in Mediterranean Rivers

Dams regulate downstream hydrology and modify water quality, which in turn can impinge on the biota, especially in rivers naturally subject to large hydrological variability, such as those under Mediterranean climate. The effect of dams on biofilms was analysed in three tributaries (Cinca, Siurana and Montsant) of the Ebro River (NE Spain). We hypothesized that flow regulation would lead to lower spatial variability of biofilms on the streambed and to a decrease in their metabolic rate per unit biomass, especially during low flow periods. Biofilm characteristics were studied in five transects evenly spaced along river reaches upstream (control) and downstream (impact) of dams in each river, along with riverbed granulometry, hydraulics and water chemistry. Chlorophyll‐a, respiratory activity, photosynthetic capacity and efficiency, and extracellular enzymatic activities (β‐d ‐glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine‐amino‐peptidase) of epilithic biofilms were measured in different seasons. Spatial variability of chemical and biological variables was reduced downstream of the dams. Chlorophyll‐a concentration, photosynthetic efficiency and respiration capacity were higher in impact than in control reaches, but generally, low inorganic phosphorus concentrations resulted in comparable phosphatase activities downstream and upstream of dams. On the other hand, β‐d ‐glucosidase and leucine‐amino‐peptidase activities were higher at impact reaches. Biofilms were thicker and metabolically more active at the impact reaches, with higher ability to transform dissolved organic matter. Overall, results from this study provide evidence that dams can largely affect the structure and activity of river biofilms, with foreseeable important consequences for river ecosystem functioning. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

流域水文模型在临界雨量分析中的应用研究

为提高无资料地区临界雨量分析结果的精确度,采用双曲正切产流模型和单位线流域汇流模型,结合山西省清凉寺沟流域水文下垫面产汇流模型参数,对实测暴雨洪水进行了模拟分析。结果表明:径流深及洪峰流量的合格率均为75%,参数是合理、可靠的,据此得出了该流域不同流量级时的临界雨量。     

电波流速仪流量自动在线监测装置设计与应用

电波流速仪因其在测量过程中不受水情、含沙量及水面漂浮物的影响,因此近年来在水文部门得到了广泛应用。介绍了一种电波流速仪流量自动在线监测装置的设计方案,包括监测装置硬件和软件实现过程。将该装置应用于四川内江水文站实际测流工作,结果表明,使用电波流速仪的自动在线监测装置测流结果可靠,有利于提高效率和降低成本。可推荐类似水文测站采用。     

青海湖生态环境演变与稳定性

根据长系列水文模型模拟结果,对青海湖的环境演变进行了分析,利用一阶周期性自回归模型对青海湖水位变化趋势及其对湖泊生态的影响进行了预测。结果表明:青海湖多年平均亏缺水量为3.31亿m3,近10 a来增温幅度较大时期的亏缺水量为5.19亿m3;保持青海湖生态稳定的关键物种为青海湖裸鲤,盐度是决定青海湖裸鲤繁殖和生长的关键环境要素,其阈值为16.8‰;考虑气候变化的影响时,青海湖水位在未来30 a会继续下降,水位阈值为3 190.25 m,2030年水位最低,为3 191.35 m,此后水位开始小幅度回升并逐渐趋稳;不考虑气候变化的影响时,预计未来30 a内青海湖水位仍会持续下降,之后下降趋势开始变缓并趋于稳定,2100年左右稳定在3 192.25 m;两种预测结果都没有下降到青海湖生态稳定的水位阈值,因此未来青海湖生态系统的稳定性不受影响。     

农业用水及土壤水资源分析研究

在现行水资源评价中,只把地表水和地下水作为水资源看待,但我国华北平原地区降水的70%转化成土壤水,成为农业生产最重要的水源。依据华北平原土壤特性,从农业用水的角度分析了土壤水的水文特征,提出土壤水资源分析研究的建议。     

智慧水文应用数字孪生5G专网用户自运营管理实践研究--以曲靖市5G智慧水文面店示范站项目为例

中国移动助力云南省曲靖市落地5G智慧水文面店示范站项目实践,融合5G、北斗、云计算、物联网、数字孪生等新技术,基于中国移动OneLink平台和OneNET平台定制开发了曲靖水文5G数字孪生运用管理云平台,提供软硬件总集成服务成功打造曲靖市5G+智慧水文面店示范站。该实践树立了5G专网用户自运营管理的成功标杆,为水文行业以及对5G专网用户自运营管理有需求的政府及企事业单位起到成功案例借鉴复制作用。     

A CLIMATE‐BASED INDEX OF HISTORIC SPAWNING‐STREAM HYDROLOGY

Reproductive success of stream‐spawning Oncorhynchus fishes (Pacific salmon, rainbow trout, cutthroat trout and their allies) may be greatly affected by stream discharge or its covariate, stream temperature, during the spawning season. Because such data for the physical environment may not have been routinely collected as part of previous investigations of these fishes, identification of simple but robust indices of historic, seasonal stream discharge and temperature, using long‐term climate data sets, would be important, especially to investigations of historic population dynamics. This study examined statistical associations among several climate variables and the spawning‐season (approximately June) discharges and temperatures of Clear Creek, a Yellowstone Lake tributary used by spawning Yellowstone cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri (YCT), from the lake. Correlation analysis showed that total water‐year degree‐days (calculated on the basis of mean daily air temperature > 0°C) at Lake Village, on the lake's north shore, was a robust index (both negative and positive, respectively) of consecutive, total semi‐month metrics of creek discharge and temperature during the YCT spawning season. This study (and subsequent use of the Lake Village degree days metric as an environmental variable in a dynamic, age‐structured model of the lacustrine–adfluvial YCT population of Clear Creek) showed how exploratory analyses of the fragmentary but long‐term and regionally unique data sets for Clear Creek discharge and temperature revealed a simple but robust index of climate variation important to understanding the historic dynamics of Clear Creek's YCT population, which is a key spawning stock of Yellowstone Lake. In addition, the extensive statistical associations among the climate variables, along with the temporal trends in two key variables, broadly showed how climate varied across the Yellowstone Lake region during the past several decades. Those observations have implications for the historic, seasonal hydrology of all Yellowstone Lake tributaries used by spawning YCT. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.