同位素测年新发展:81Kr测定古老地下水年龄理论

自从1966年Loosli&Oeschchger测定出大气中的81Kr,就已经有人设想放射性81Kr(半衰期为(2.29±0.11)×105年)可能成为测定古老地下水年龄(105~106年)的有效工具。但一直没有付诸实践,直到2000年,Collon等人首次利用81Kr同位素确定澳大利亚大自流盆地(GAB)的古老地下水年龄。本篇文章中主要介绍了影响81Kr同位素测年的因素,81Kr的取样制样分析过程,回旋加速质谱仪分析81Kr同位素的原理。     

雷达测雨在水文学中的应用--影响预报精度的因素分析

雷达测雨的误差以及水文模型自身的结构和尺度问题等的复杂性，导致了水文预报的精度不理想、这在一定程度上阻碍了雷达测雨技术在水文学中的应用、文中在回顾雷达测雨技术在水文学中已发挥的重要作用的同时，着重对预报精度影响较大的若干因素进行探讨和分析，并就将来雷达测雨技术更好地应用于水文学的研究提出几点建议．     

河北沧州城市水文的实践与思考

简单介绍了沧州城市水文的发展进程和现状,阐述了城市水文在城市水资源节约与保护、供水安全、改善城市水环境、雨洪资源利用等方面所发挥的作用。结合沧州城市水文实践,提出了加快城市水文发展的几点建议。     

流域尺度视角下海绵城市建设途径及区域径流控制

随着城市化的快速发展,城市不透水区域面积逐年增加,导致城市洪涝风险加剧、径流污染负荷增加等突出雨水问题,也给流域的水安全及水环境带来严重影响.针对上述问题,近年来基于流域管理的城市雨水管理模式得到快速发展.通过流域尺度城市单元土地开发前后峰值流量和雨水径流污染负荷变化的分析,提出以受纳水体过流能力和水环境自净容量为约束...     

子波分析及其在水文水资源中的潜在应用

子波分析有许多明显的优点，本文重点是论述子波分析在水文和水资源中的潜在应用     

孤山川流域水文特征变化及驱动因素

研究流域水文特征的变化及驱动因素对流域水资源开发利用与保护,水土保持及生态环境的建设具有指导意义。以孤山川流域为研究区,利用Kendall秩序相关法分析1956-2009年流域降水、径流、泥沙等水文要素的演化趋势,采用小波变换法对系列的周期进行提取,利用有序聚类法分析径流和泥沙序列的变异点,并分析气候变化和人类活动对水沙的影响情况。结果表明:近54年来孤山川流域实测降水量没有显著变化,而年径流量和输沙量显著减少;年径流量和输沙量序列都存在5、14和28年左右的周期,且均在1979年和1996年发生突变。气候变化和人类活动对年径流量减少的贡献率在不同时段有不同的值,在人类活动对下垫面影响的过渡期,贡献率分别为72.2%和27.8%;90年代中期到21世纪初,它们的贡献率分别是27.8%和72.2%。本研究将为孤山川流域水资源开发利用及优化配置提供科学借鉴。     

HYDROLOGIC CONNECTIVITY OF FLOODPLAINS,NORTHERN MISSOURI—IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION OF FLOODPLAIN FOREST COMMUNITIES IN DISTURBED LANDSCAPES

Hydrologic connectivity between the channel and floodplain is thought to be a dominant factor determining floodplain processes and characteristics of floodplain forests. We explored the role of hydrologic connectivity in explaining floodplain forest community composition along streams in northern Missouri, USA. Hydrologic analyses at 20 streamgages (207–5827 km² area) document that magnitudes of 2‐year return floods increase systematically with increasing drainage area whereas the average annual number and durations of floodplain‐connecting events decrease. Flow durations above the active‐channel shelf vary little with increasing drainage area, indicating that the active‐channel shelf is in quasi‐equilibrium with prevailing conditions. The downstream decrease in connectivity is associated with downstream increase in channel incision. These relations at streamflow gaging stations are consistent with regional channel disturbance patterns: channel incision increases downstream, whereas upstream reaches have either not incised or adjusted to incision by forming new equilibrium floodplains. These results provide a framework to explain landscape‐scale variations in composition of floodplain forest communities in northern Missouri. Faust ( 2006 ) had tentatively explained increases of flood‐dependent tree species, and decreases of species diversity, with a downstream increase in flood magnitude and duration. Because frequency and duration of floodplain‐connecting events do not increase downstream, we hypothesize instead that increases in relative abundance of flood‐dependent trees at larger drainage area result from increasing size of disturbance patches. Bank‐overtopping floods at larger drainage area create large, open, depositional landforms that promoted the regeneration of shade‐intolerant species. Higher tree species diversity in floodplains with small drainage areas is associated with non‐incised floodplains that are frequently connected to their channels and therefore subject to greater effective hydrologic variability compared with downstream floodplains. Understanding the landscape‐scale geomorphic and hydrologic controls on floodplain connectivity provides a basis for more effective management and restoration of floodplain forest communities. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

IMPACT OF CHANGING HYDROLOGY ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN HIGH ARCTIC RIVERS

Despite the importance of river nutrient retention in regulating downstream water quality and the potential alterations to nutrient fluxes associated with climate‐induced changes in Arctic hydrology, current understanding of nutrient cycling in Arctic river systems is limited. This study adopted an experimental approach to quantify conceptual water source contributions (meltwater, groundwater), environmental conditions and uptake of NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, PO₄^3? and acetate at 12 headwater rivers in Svalbard and so determine the role of changing hydrology on nutrient uptake in these Arctic river systems. Most rivers exhibited low demand for NO₃^? and PO₄^3?, but demand for NH₄⁺ and acetate was more variable and in several rivers comparable with that measured in sub‐Arctic regions. The proportion of meltwater contributing to river flow was not significantly related to nutrient uptake. However, NH₄⁺ uptake was associated positively with algal biomass, water temperature and transient storage area, whereas acetate uptake was associated positively with more stable river channels. Mean demand for NH₄⁺ increased when added with acetate, suggesting NH₄⁺ retention may be facilitated by labile dissolved organic carbon availability in these rivers. Consequently, nutrient export from Arctic river systems could be influenced in future by changes in hydrological and environmental process interactions associated with forecasted climate warming. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Establishing Environmental Water Requirements for the Murray–Darling Basin,Australia's Largest Developed River System

There is a global need for management of river flows to be informed by science to protect and restore biodiversity and ecological function while maintaining water supply for human needs. However, a lack of data at large scales presents a substantial challenge to developing a scientifically robust approach to flow management that can be applied at a basin and valley scale. In most large systems, only a small number of aquatic ecosystems have been well enough studied to reliably describe their environmental water requirements. The umbrella environmental asset (UEA) approach uses environmental water requirements developed for information‐rich areas to represent the water requirements of a broader river reach or valley. We illustrate this approach in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) in eastern Australia, which was recently subject to a substantial revision of water management arrangements. The MDB is more than 1 million km² with 18 main river valleys and many thousands of aquatic ecosystems. Detailed eco‐hydrologic assessments of environmental water requirements that focused on the overbank, bankfull and fresh components of the flow regime were undertaken at a total of 24 UEA sites across the MDB. Flow needs (e.g. flow magnitude, duration, frequency and timing) were established for each UEA to meet the needs of key ecosystem components (e.g. vegetation, birds and fish). Those flow needs were then combined with other analyses to determine sustainable diversion limits across the basin. The UEA approach to identifying environmental water requirements is a robust, science‐based and fit‐for‐purpose approach to determining water requirements for large river basins in the absence of complete ecological knowledge. © 2015 The Authors. River Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水文自动测报技术研究探析

通过国内外水文自动测报技术发展历程的综述,针对不同的采集需求,对比分析了国内外主要水文监测仪器、设备的使用情况,在取得发展和进步的同时,我国在新技术应用,尤其是利用新技术、新原理研发的先进装备方面,与国外相比还存在着差距,并对新技术研究和发展前景进行了展望。