寒冷地区电站长距离输水明渠冬季运行方式探讨

通过大量工程资料收集和类似工程经验分析,对寒冷地区引水式水电站长距离输水明渠在冬季各种输、排冰运行方式的适用性进行了对比分析,着重对结冰盖运行方式的建筑物布置、流量控制和水位控制等进行深入分析和研究,提出了完整的分段壅水结冰盖输水方式的输水渠道建筑物布置、水位运行控制的设计和运行控制方法,消除了寒冷地区电站输水长明渠冬季运行中的冰冻危害问题,并成功运用于实际工程设计和运行。     

南水北调中线工程冬季输水冰情的数值模拟

南水北调中线工程总干渠是由明渠和各种过水建筑物组成的树状系统,特点是线路长、过水建筑物类型多、冰水动力学响应过程复杂。本文将冰情发展模型与树状明渠系统复杂内边界条件下的渠道非恒定流模型进行集成耦合,开发了大型长距离调水工程冬季输水冰情数值模拟平台,提出了树状明渠系统复杂内边界条件的等效变换方法和计算冰盖前缘动态发展的虚拟流动法。根据实测的沿线气象资料和设计资料,利用该平台系统模拟了在寒冷气温条件下总干渠初冰、冰盖形成、发展和消融过程。分析了冬季输水的冰情特性及冰期输水能力,提出了冰期安全运行的水力控制条件,通过对典型年总干渠敞流期、冰盖形成期、稳封期、调度期以及开河全过程的模拟,给出了安全运行输水调度方案及建议。     

基于粒子群神经网络的凌汛开河日期预测研究

为了更准确地预测凌汛开河日期,提出用粒子群算法和BP神经网络相结合的粒子群神经网络模型。介绍了模型的设计和算法实现的流程。该模型通过粒子群算法对BP神经网络初始的权值和阈值进行优化,并以黄河内蒙段三湖河口站作为研究实例进行冰凌开河日期预测。结果表明,经粒子群优化后的BP神经网络预测精度比遗传神经网络和单一BP神经网络更高。     

考虑连锁故障的覆冰灾害下输电线路脆弱性分析模型北大核心CSCD

虽然电网鲁棒性日益增强,但部分输电线路经过区域极易遭受覆冰灾害,导致该地区发生一次故障的概率大幅增加,而一次故障将会导致电网发生二次连锁故障。针对此问题,文中首先通过蒙特卡洛法判断覆冰灾害引发的输电线路一次故障脆弱性,然后通过自组织临界理论判断由一次故障引发的输电线路二次连锁故障脆弱性,从而建立综合考虑覆冰灾害和电网物理特性的输电线路脆弱性分析模型,以潜在事故链的形式展现了电网覆冰灾害下的故障演化进程,为运维人员甄别覆冰灾害下区域电网的输电线路薄弱环节提供重要决策依据。最后通过对IEEE-39节点电力系统实例进行仿真与分析,验证了所提出模型的可行性。     

蓄冷板释冷过程的数值模拟和实验研究

对蓄冷板内共晶液的热力学特性进行了分析,并且建立了蓄冷板释冷的数学模型。通过数值模拟的方法,模拟了NaCl蓄冷板在初始温度为-30℃,环境温度为-10℃、0℃和10℃三种不同温度条件下的释冷过程,并且通过相关的实验研究,对模拟结果的准确性进行了验证。通过研究得到了蓄冷板在不同条件下的释冷过程及特点。研究结果表明:在NaCl蓄冷板的释冷过程中,当其所处的环境温度高于-21.2℃,即其共晶温度时,外界环境温度会对冷板内共晶冰开始发生相变的时刻产生较大影响;外界环境温度越高,蓄冷板内共晶冰开始融化到完全融化所需要的时间越短。计算结果与实验结果吻合良好,两者之间的平均偏差小于0.5℃,说明数学模型及计算方法的可靠性。     

水下爆破破冰爆炸冲击波传播规律数值分析

利用动力分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟研究水下爆破破冰过程中爆炸冲击波压力的作用特征和传播规律,对比分析在冰体覆盖的相对封闭条件和常规水下爆炸时水中压力变化的差异性。研究表明:爆炸冲击波产生的水压力以炸药为中心向四周传播,对冰面破碎起主要作用,被扰动冰体主要发生振动折裂。炸药周围近区压力初始峰值大体上相同,爆源远区相差较大,冰盖的存在减弱了爆破能量的耗散。对于相同集中药包,入水深度直接影响爆破破冰效果。和常规水下爆炸相比,在冰体覆盖的相对封闭条件下水中峰值压力较小,衰减速度较慢。     

Empirical approach to develop a multilayer icebonded abrasive polishing tool for ultrafine finishing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

This paper covers the development of a multilayer icebonded abrasive polishing (IBAP) tool for multistage polishing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy specimens based on a systematic study that determined the number of layers, thickness of each layer, and the type, size and concentration of abrasives in each layer. Based on this study, a three-layered IBAP tool with the bottom layer consisting of soft aluminum oxide abrasives of 3?µm size with 5% concentration, the middle layer with moderately hard silicon carbide abrasives of 8?µm size with 10% concentration and the top layer with hard boron carbide abrasives of 15?µm size with 30% concentration was formulated for ultrafine finishing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy specimen in a single setup. The performance of the three-layered IBAP tool assessed in terms of finish and morphology over the work surface showed 81% improvement in surface finish, showing its effectiveness over a single-layered IBAP tool. Polishing studies have clearly demonstrated the generation of ultrafine surfaces, yielding a finish of 37?nm while the morphological studies on the polished surface have shown a nearly scratch-free surface on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

Validation of the Climate-SAF surface broadband albedo product: Comparisons with in situ observations over Greenland and the ice-covered Arctic Ocean

This paper describes a validation study performed by comparing the Climate-SAF Surface Albedo Product (SAL) to ground truth observations over Greenland and the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. We compare Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)-based albedo retrievals to data from the Greenland Climate Network (GCN) weather stations and the floating ice station Tara for polar summer 2007. The AVHRR dataset consists of 2755 overpasses. The overpasses are matched to in situ observations spatially and temporally. The SAL algorithm presented here derives the surface broadband albedo from AVHRR channels 1 and 2 using an atmospheric correction, temporal sampling of an empirical Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF), and a narrow-to-broadband conversion algorithm. The satellite product contains algorithms for snow, sea ice, vegetation, bare soil, and water albedo. At the Summit and DYE-2 stations on the Greenland ice sheet, instantaneous SAL RMSE is 0.073. The heterogeneous surface conditions at satellite pixel scale over the stations near the Greenland west coast increase RMSE to > 0.12. Over Tara, the instantaneous SAL RMSE is 0.069. The BRDF sampling approach reduces RMSE over the ice sheet to 0.053, and to 0.045 over Tara. Taking into account various sources of uncertainty for both satellite retrievals and in situ observations, we conclude that SAL agrees with in situ observations within their limits of accuracy and spatial representativeness.     

Integration of MODIS-derived metrics to assess interannual variability in snowpack, lake ice, and NDVI in southwest Alaska

Impacts of global climate change are expected to result in greater variation in the seasonality of snowpack, lake ice, and vegetation dynamics in southwest Alaska. All have wide-reaching physical and biological ecosystem effects in the region. We used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) calibrated radiance, snow cover extent, and vegetation index products for interpreting interannual variation in the duration and extent of snowpack, lake ice, and vegetation dynamics for southwest Alaska. The approach integrates multiple seasonal metrics across large ecological regions.Throughout the observation period (2001-2007), snow cover duration was stable within ecoregions, with variable start and end dates. The start of the lake ice season lagged the snow season by 2 to 3 months. Within a given lake, freeze-up dates varied in timing and duration, while break-up dates were more consistent. Vegetation phenology varied less than snow and ice metrics, with start-of-season dates comparatively consistent across years. The start of growing season and snow melt were related to one another as they are both temperature dependent. Higher than average temperatures during the El Niño winter of 2002-2003 were expressed in anomalous ice and snow season patterns. We are developing a consistent, MODIS-based dataset that will be used to monitor temporal trends of each of these seasonal metrics and to map areas of change for the study area.