土地用途清晰开发小区的负荷预测方法

在介绍常用负荷预测方法的基础上，提出了一种适用于土地用途清晰的开发小区负荷预测方法——功能小区负荷密度指标法，并对某土地用途清晰的工业区块进行了负荷预测和电量预测，结果显示其用电水平符合开发小区定位。     

城市土地混合用途开发策略探讨

本文分析了我国单一的城市用地分类标准、终极式的规划编制体系、模糊的土地混合用途概念等阻碍城市土地混合用途开发的制度障碍及影响因素,借鉴如下经验:香港地区单一地块允许多种用途开发、将城市用地划分为广义用途大类;英国允许城市土地用途在同类别中转换、对每个地块分别进行政策阐释;美国采用功能组形式对土地用途实行弹性控制,提出应同时借助政策力量及市场力量,促进我国城市土地混合用途开发.在规划中应采用更为概括、灵活的城市用地分类体系,赋予城市用地分类的弹性与综合性;采用更加动态的控制模式,保障城市土地的高效利用及公共利益的实现;采用更加兼容的规划管理模式,保证功能布局稳定.     

Multi-scale land-use disaggregation modelling: Concept and application to EU countries

Changes of carbon stocks in agricultural soils, emissions of greenhouse gases from agriculture, and the delivery of ecosystem services of agricultural landscapes depend on combinations of land-use, livestock density, farming practices, climate and soil types. Many environmental processes are highly non-linear. If the analysis of the environmental impact is based on data at a relatively coarse-scale (e.g. farm, country, or large administrative regions), conclusions can be misleading. For an accurate assessment of agri-environmental indicators, data of agricultural activities and their dynamics are needed at high spatial resolution. In this paper, we develop and validate a spatial model for predicting the agricultural land-use areas within the homogenous spatial units (HSUs). For the EU-28 countries, we distinguish about 1.5 × 10⁵ HSUs and we consider 30 possible land-uses to match with the classification used in the Common Agricultural Policy Regionalized Impact (CAPRI) model. The comparison of model predictions with independent observations and with a simple rule-based approach at HSU level demonstrates that the predictions are generally accurate in more than 75 % of HSUs. The frequent crops or land-use are better predicted. For non-frequent crops and/or crops requiring specific cultivation conditions, the model needs further fine-tuning.     

The evolution process of Chicago’s industrial land-use policy

Despite the industrial restructuring process that occurred between 1970s and 1980s in the Western World, the city of Chicago adopted an innovative land-use industrial policy for curbing the structural decline of manufacturing. The main aim was to preserve living wages manufacturing jobs for the Chicago residents that could not access the service sectors. Chicago’s industrial land-use policy experience, both in its historical and future perspectives, is an interesting top-down municipal policy that shows how the relationship between land-use planning and manufacturing shapes the city not only in spatial terms but also in social and economical terms.     

News from the field: ‘Town and townscape: the work and life of Thomas Sharp’

The New South Wales Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, 1979, came into effect on 1 September 1980. It was Australia's first planning legislation where the objects of the Act explicitly included a balance between economic, social and environmental outcomes. The Act also facilitated public participation at all stages of plan-making and land-use decision-making. While the Act continues to promote such aims, it has also undergone significant amendment, particularly in the last 5 years. This has seen a distinct move away from the spirit of the original objects of the Act to more centralized and less participatory decision-making. This paper examines the evolution of the Act and of the New South Wales planning system. The NSW Planning Department considers that the state's planning system is still world standard. This review concludes otherwise. Rather, the evidence strongly indicates that a review of the planning system and legislative framework is warranted in order to achieve better land management.     

三峡库区城镇土地利用结构优化探析

三峡库区正处于快速城镇化的关键时期,城镇规模急剧膨胀,城镇建设占用大量土地,土地资源短缺与人们生存需要的矛盾日益突出,这已严重影响到库区城镇的经济、社会、生态环境的可持续发展目标的实现。针对三库区城镇化进程中出现的土地利用问题,提出了优化土地利用结构,走内涵集约型土地利用的途径,以期协调城镇建设与土地资源保护的关系,并进一步分析了优化土地利用结构的动力机制及对策措施。     

小城镇发展与城镇用地预测研究——以重庆市大足县为例

根据大足县的自然、社会经济环境和小城镇的发展现状,预测了大足县未来5年和10年的城镇化水平与城镇用地的需求量。根据预测,未来大足县城镇用地的需求很大。随着城镇化进程的加快,城镇用地的供需矛盾会更加突出。因此,一方面应加大农村居民点的集中和农居用地的整理,在保持耕地占补平衡的基础上,适当增加重点小城镇的用地;另一方面,要加强城镇用地的集约化程度,提高现有土地的利用率。总的原则是首先保证经济实力强的小城镇的用地,以发展其经济,增强其辐射范围,从而带动整个大足农村经济的发展,提高大足县整体经济水平;其次,对目前经济实力一般,但未来有较大发展潜力而人均用地又较少的小城镇,适当地提高其用地水平;对目前经济实力一般,而人均用地较多的小城镇,要严格控制城镇用地的增加。     

基于土地转移矩阵的疏勒河中游土地利用变化研究

为了分析疏勒河流域土地利用的变化情况,以疏勒河中游为研究区,利用1980,2000年和2013年多期遥感影像数据和地形图,运用人机交互目视解译以及空间分析方法和数理统计方法,获得疏勒河中游土地利用现状、土地利用类型转移矩阵,对疏勒河流域近34 a来土地利用结构的动态演化进行了系统分析。结果表明:(1)近34 a来,疏勒河中游内未利用土地分布最广,其次是草地和耕地,再次是林地、城乡、工矿、居民用地和水域,仅占研究区不到4%的面积;(2)近34 a来疏勒河中游地区耕地大面积增加,水域面积急剧减少;(3)疏勒河中游区各景观类型的变化强度和变化方向各有不同,生态功能呈退化的趋势;纯自然生态系统的景观格局的变化强度在近年来有所上升,人类活动的影响强度呈加强的趋势。     

全球分光地表反照率的长期变化

为了精确地定量研究土地利用变化对地表反照率的影响, 利用公元 850–2100 年期间土地利用数据集获取了一套长时期的全球分光 (近红外、可见光、短波) 地表反照率数据集, 并进行了详细的分析和对比验证。验证结果表明, 所得的分光地表反照率与 MODIS 数据对应结果的空间分布特征基本一致; 在非冰雪覆盖区的可见光反照率差别在 −0.0081∼0.0029 之间, 精度较高; 差别最大的区域为南、北半球中高纬度的冰雪覆盖区。研究表明, 自 1860 年以来,所有典型区域 (包括中国东部、欧洲东南部、美国中东部和巴西南部) 的城市建成区逐年增加, 特别是巴西南部的自然植被逐年减少; 在 1860–1980 年间, 各区域主要表现为自然植被向城市建成区和耕地转化; 在 1980–2015 年, 巴西南部耕地类型持续增加, 其余区域均表现出自然植被逐步恢复的变化趋势。此外, 不同土地利用类型的分光反照率存在很大差别, 例如, 春季可见光反照率在冰雪表面为 0.5069, 混交林为 0.0444, 而城市建成区为 0.0870; 且受不同纬度和下垫面性质的影响, 同一土地利用类型的分光地表反照率也存在明显的空间差异, 例如, 春季草原的可见光反照率最大为 0.4915, 最小为 1.127×10−4。这套长时期全球分光地表反照率数据集可以为土地利用变化驱动气候变化的相关定量研究奠定数据基础。