Residential building damage and natural perils: Australian examples and issues

The most important natural perils in Australia are tropical cyclones, earthquakes, bushfires, thunderstorms, floods, landslides and tsunamis. However, as far as residential buildings are concerned, the correct relative order of importance depends on the frames of reference used. Certainly, meteorological perils are more significant than geological hazards. Residential building damage produced by the most important natural hazards is assessed. Governance is shown to be poorly related to actual risk. Tropical cyclone wind-loading codes are amongst the best in the world, but the more limited potential for storm surge damage is largely ignored. While land-use regulations are strong in some states, almost no attention has been paid to appropriate building materials for flood-prone properties. Hail is probably the most important peril along the populated south-eastern seaboard, but no regulations govern roofing materials. Other issues relating to the present understanding of damage to buildings are raised.     

就地产过热问题谈国家干预在土地利用规划中的现实意义

市场机制和国家干预是当代中国城市土地利用规划不可或缺的两个方面,文章围绕房地产及住宅问题探讨国家干预在土地利用规划中的作用和意义。     

关于完善全域全类型全周期国土空间用途管制体系的几点思考

主要目的是梳理国土空间用途管制内涵,并提出系统构建满足全域全类型全周期要求的用途管制体系的建议。主要采取分析法和归纳演绎法,首先从探讨国土空间用途管制的概念内涵入手,提出新时代用途管制工作应拓展沟通范畴,打通各环节,形成一套自洽的闭环管理体系的总体思路。然后通过对近期出台的国土空间规划政策文件及规程关于用途管制方面的重点内容进行梳理和总结,并根据规划编制中的实际执行情况,指出目前用途管制工作的主要挑战与难点。最后部分提出下一步完善国土空间用途管制值得关注的重点任务及具体操作路径建议。建议构建以计划指标管理、空间分区分类划定、用途管制措施设定、用地审批和实施监测评估及动态调整机制设计五个环节组成的国土空间规划全周期用途管制体系,尤其要完善规划和管控指标和监管指标的衔接,增强用途转用和纠错调整机制的建设。市县一级国土空间规划应以探索构建一般农业区、生态控制区、城镇预留区的用途管制机制为重点,既保证刚性要素传导,又因地制宜、具有弹性。     

产业链作用下的小微产业村镇“产、城关联”用地模式探讨——以福建省茶叶加工产业村镇为例

小微制造型企业是我国村镇经济的重要基础。此类产业与村镇用地适当混合能更好支持企业、拉动村镇经济、提升村镇特色和活力。研究和推广该模式,对探索小微产业用地模式创新、发展特色产业村镇及加强城镇化过程的产业支撑有积极意义。在梳理相关理论的基础上,提出"产城关联用地"的概念及相应的中观、微观视角(以区别于以宏观视角的"分区规划"为核心的传统"产城一体化"研究),以福建省茶叶产业村镇为样本案例,采用网格聚类法进行用地特征统计,归纳此类小微产业村镇用地的主要特征和趋势,希望为研究小微产业村镇关联用地模式的一般规律打下基础。     

Future Natures in the Making: Implementing Biodiversity in Suburban Land-Use Planning

This paper uses a suburban master planning process to study the consequences of the domination of scientifically defined nature in urban green governance. The analysis of knowledge practices and discursive framings shows that in this case the domination arose through “amplification of the biodiversity claim”, a largely self-organizing process between the participating actors, and produced a widely accepted understanding of a stable urban nature emphasizing present biodiversity values. As a normative response to the current situation this paper develops a concept of “future natures”, indicating the need for a more dynamic and deliberative planning idea for conserving urban biodiversity.     

Water-sensitive planning: integrating water considerations into urban and regional planning

Water-sensitive planning (WSP) is an approach to sustainable development that integrates water considerations into urban and regional planning. Following a literature survey and a condensed report of our 15 years of studies, the paper presents WSP's goals, domains, principles and practices and the paradigms that underpin them, with special attention to stormwater management. It encompasses all planning scales, from the building lot to the catchment area. The paper ends with suggested generic planning principles that evolved with the growth of WSP but are intended to also serve other domains of planning for sustainable development.     

The evolution process of Chicago’s industrial land-use policy

Despite the industrial restructuring process that occurred between 1970s and 1980s in the Western World, the city of Chicago adopted an innovative land-use industrial policy for curbing the structural decline of manufacturing. The main aim was to preserve living wages manufacturing jobs for the Chicago residents that could not access the service sectors. Chicago’s industrial land-use policy experience, both in its historical and future perspectives, is an interesting top-down municipal policy that shows how the relationship between land-use planning and manufacturing shapes the city not only in spatial terms but also in social and economical terms.     

地下空间出让价格评估方法分析与案例探讨

目前,我国城市地下空间使用权出让工作仍处于探索阶段。为了完善城市地下空间使用权出让价格的评估体系,采用定性分析法和个案研究法,分析总结了地下空间使用权出让价格评估的基本方法。虽然各地普遍采用比例调整法,但在参考地价和比例系数的确定方面差异较大;随着市场资料的不断丰富,直接评估法得到越来越多的采用。借助代表性案例阐述了采用直接评估法进行地下空间使用权出让价格评估的技术思路,着重对评估方法选择、参数确定以及政策性补贴对评估的影响等方面进行了分析。长远来看,必须不断加强立体地价体系的研究和积累地下空间开发利用的相关基础数据,才能更加合理地确定地下空间使用权的出让价格。     

News from the field: ‘Town and townscape: the work and life of Thomas Sharp’

The New South Wales Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, 1979, came into effect on 1 September 1980. It was Australia's first planning legislation where the objects of the Act explicitly included a balance between economic, social and environmental outcomes. The Act also facilitated public participation at all stages of plan-making and land-use decision-making. While the Act continues to promote such aims, it has also undergone significant amendment, particularly in the last 5 years. This has seen a distinct move away from the spirit of the original objects of the Act to more centralized and less participatory decision-making. This paper examines the evolution of the Act and of the New South Wales planning system. The NSW Planning Department considers that the state's planning system is still world standard. This review concludes otherwise. Rather, the evidence strongly indicates that a review of the planning system and legislative framework is warranted in order to achieve better land management.     

全球分光地表反照率的长期变化

为了精确地定量研究土地利用变化对地表反照率的影响, 利用公元 850–2100 年期间土地利用数据集获取了 一套长时期的全球分光 (近红外、可见光、短波) 地表反照率数据集, 并进行了详细的分析和对比验证。验证结果表 明, 所得的分光地表反照率与 MODIS 数据对应结果的空间分布特征基本一致; 在非冰雪覆盖区的可见光反照率差别 在 −0.0081∼0.0029 之间, 精度较高; 差别最大的区域为南、北半球中高纬度的冰雪覆盖区。研究表明, 自 1860 年以来, 所有典型区域 (包括中国东部、欧洲东南部、美国中东部和巴西南部) 的城市建成区逐年增加, 特别是巴西南部的自 然植被逐年减少; 在 1860–1980 年间, 各区域主要表现为自然植被向城市建成区和耕地转化; 在 1980–2015 年, 巴西南 部耕地类型持续增加, 其余区域均表现出自然植被逐步恢复的变化趋势。此外, 不同土地利用类型的分光反照率存在 很大差别, 例如, 春季可见光反照率在冰雪表面为 0.5069, 混交林为 0.0444, 而城市建成区为 0.0870; 且受不同纬度和 下垫面性质的影响, 同一土地利用类型的分光地表反照率也存在明显的空间差异, 例如, 春季草原的可见光反照率最 大为 0.4915, 最小为 1.127×10−4。这套长时期全球分光地表反照率数据集可以为土地利用变化驱动气候变化的相关定 量研究奠定数据基础。