不同次降雨条件对黄土区主要地类水沙动态过程的影响及其机理研究

通过野外人工模拟降雨试验，对不同次降雨条件下黄土丘陵区主要地类坡面水沙过程进行对比研究，分析降雨因素与产流产沙过程的关系，并对林草植被的水土保持机理做了有益探讨。结果表明，降雨因素是影响径流和产沙的主要动力因素之一，在不同降雨条件下，各地类小区产流产沙过程线均表现出较为强烈的波动趋势，产沙过程较产流过程波动更为剧烈，在植被覆度较低的黄土丘陵区，降雨强度是产流产沙的主控因子。不同地类的产流量和产沙量的变化，随着降雨强度的增强而增加，随着植物被覆度的增加，由于林草植被措施具有蓄水固土作用，减沙效益显著，降雨的影响相对降低。因此将陡坡耕地退耕还林还草是解决水土流失、恢复黄土高原良性生态环境的必由之路。     

城市用地“3D”发展模式研究——一种基于减少机动化需求的规划理念

基于我国当前城市空间蔓延、功能分区单一以及"以车为本"的场所设计带来的个体机动化出行增加、公共交通效率低下、步行环境欠佳等问题,提出需要建立沿公交走廊的密度点轴结合发展(density)、用地混合多元布局(diversity)以及步行友好场所设计(design)的用地"3D"发展模式,以减少机动化出行需求。在此思路下,借鉴香港地区轨道沿线用地发展经验,研究香港实现"3D"模式的具体方法与措施,并以广州花都CBD为例,运用"3D"理念,对花都CBD内轨道沿线的用地密度、混合度、场所进行规划设计,以探索城市用地"3D"发展模式在我国发展的适应性。     

对当前中小城镇土地利用调查及日常地籍管理的思考

针对当前全国广泛开展的城乡土地利用调查及数据库建立工作，提出了一些观点和看法。着重指出，各地所建立的土地利用信息数据库系统要真正能够应用到实际土地管理工作中去。     

Land-use planning and public preferences: What can we learn from choice experiment method?

In this article we discuss the economic approach to evaluate landscape preferences for land-use planning. We then use the choice experiment method to examine public preferences for three landscape features – hedgerows, farm buildings and scrubland – in the Monts d’Arrée region (in Brittany, France), in the context of re-design of landscape conservation policy by the local environmental institute. Surveys were undertaken on two user groups, visitors and local residents. Our objective was to obtain empirical evidence of the difference between the preferences of tourists and residents, for landscape attributes. We then analysed the welfare changes of tourists and residents affected by different landscape programmes. Our results point out the strong divergence between the landscape preferences of the public and those of local public actors. The comparison of the estimated values of willingness to pay for single-attribute landscaping action shows some divergence between residents’ and tourists’ ranking of preferences for agricultural landscape areas. Finally, we find, at least for the socio-economic context examined in this study, that apart from its social, cultural and aesthetic values, rural landscape has economic values, and that agricultural landscape preservation tends to be more beneficial to low-income social groups.     

Soft contractualism? Facilitating institutional change in planning and development relations in Scotland

Devolution in the United Kingdom has involved the creation of different quasi-autonomous political administrations. As part of an attempt to encourage institutional learning, there has been a turn to concordats to facilitate cooperation on matters of shared concern, to communicate appropriately and in a timely way, to work in a helpful and open manner and to treat information in confidence. In parallel, the reform of statutory land-use planning systems in the devolved United Kingdom has involved debates around the need for a cultural change to implement a relatively more positive model of planning and development amongst the diversity of stakeholders which have similarly invoked new forms of public diplomacy. The Edinburgh Planning Concordat sets out in some detail the agreed step-by-step actions to be effected and the respective responsibilities of the local authority and developers at the different stages in the land-use planning process. Such anticipated cooperation and coordination in the land-use planning and property development community could suggest a stronger basis for decision making and the articulation of the public interest. Locating the discussion against the backdrop of devolution and planning reform in Scotland, and within theories of new contractualism, this article examines the rise of ‘soft’ forms of public diplomacy as a means to facilitate cultural change and planning reform.     

Toronto: Paradigm Reexamined

There is currently a debate about the extent to which Toronto can serve as a model for transport and land-use planning policies in Australian cities. Proponents of the ‘Toronto model’ argue that the city has achieved high rates of public transport patronage through a combination of policies including the integration of transport and land-use planning. Much of the debate turns on definitional arguments about ways of measuring public transport patronage, population density and other relevant factors. This paper reviews the evidence, using consistent and rigorous definitions, and compares Toronto with Melbourne. It concludes that Toronto is indeed a model of successful public transport, with a relatively high trip-making rate that has been maintained over many decades. It also concludes, however, that this success relative to Melbourne is not explained by land-use patterns. The differences in population density and distribution between the two cities are smaller than previously thought, and the differences that do exist do not correlate with the differences in transport patterns.     

建设用地需求量预测方法比较研究

因为上一轮土地利用总体规划建设用地需求量预测方法较为单一,故提出多种预测方法进行比较,根据比较结果选出合适的预测方法建设用地规模.以云南省为例,在建设用地现状和变化机制分析的基础上,采用6种预测模型进行对比分析,利用近11年统计数据进行验证.研究表明:以Markov模型、GM(1,1)模型、分类预测法、回归预测法、时序趋势预测法这5种预测方法得到的结果,误差较小、预测精度较高,基本符合要求.以这5种预测模型对2010年的建设用地规模进行预测,在根据相关资料修正的基础上,最终确定2010年全省建设用地规模.该研究成果可为云南省建设用地趋势变化分析和开展新一轮土地利用总体规划修编提供借鉴参考.     

海阳县城总体规划(修订)编制的研究

本文依据《城市规划法》的规定和烟台市海阳县经济、社会发展战略,提出正确处理宏观调控和计划引导下,合理修订规划中的城乡和近远期等关系的规划指导思想。在分析论证县域所处的区位职能、资源优势、经济实力的基础上,确定了城市的性质和城市化发展水平。对城市近远期的用地规模、人口规模进行了预测,合理地修订了城市总体布局。     

基于非点源污染负荷的流域生态补偿动态计算研究

生态补偿定量化计算是建立流域生态补偿机制的重要内容,也是生态补偿机制实施的关键。目前流域生态补偿的核算大多停留在利用年平均数据的粗略估算上,缺乏更加精细准确的核算过程。通过构建分布式流域非点源模型,考虑水文、水质的精细变化过程,创新性地提出基于流域非点源污染负荷核算方法,结合控制断面超标污染物通量治理成本,可精确到日时间尺度的流域生态补偿精细化动态计算方法。以香溪河流域为实例,对所建的模型进行了应用和验证。结果表明:香溪河流域2015年可获得的生态补偿值较2005年增加1 207.14万元;每实现1 km~2的退耕还林,因非点源污染负荷减少和生态环境改善可获得约2.60万元的生态补偿。     

Effects of land use change on hydrological cycle from forest to upland field in a catchment,Japan

Understanding the effects of land use change on the hydrological cycle is very important for development of sustainable water resource in an upland field catchment. In this study, soil and hydrological properties in an upland field catchment, which was reclaimed partially from a forest catchment, were compared with another forest catchment. The soil properties of surface and subsurface layers were investigated in the two catchments. The soil was compacted and water-holding capacity of soil in the upland field catchment became smaller after the reclamation from forest to upland field, which decreased infiltration rate and water storage in the soil layers. We found that peak discharge and direct runoff in the upland field catchment increased compared with the forest catchment. Annual evapotranspiration from the upland field catchment tended to be lower due to the change in vegetation type and soil properties. Furthermore, a semi-distributed hydrological model was applied in the upland field catchment to understand the integrated effects of reclamation on the hydrological cycle. The model parameters, which were determined using a nonlinear optimization technique—the Shuffled Complex Evolution method (SCE), were compared between the two catchments. The Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient was used to evaluate the model performance. The simulated results indicated that evapotranspiration was decreased and change in discharge was more obvious in the surface layer. We considered that declined infiltration and water storage and increased peak discharge and direct runoff have a negative impact on water resources in the upland field catchment. This study will provide information for forest managers in planning and making decisions for land and water resource management.