Maximization of buckling load of laminated composite plates with central circular holes using MFD method

This paper addresses optimal design of simply supported symmetrically laminated composite plates with central circular holes. The design objective is the maximization of the buckling load, and the design variable is considered as the fiber orientation. The first-order shear deformation theory is used for the finite element analysis. The study is complicated because the effects of bending–twisting coupling are also included for the buckling optimization. The modified feasible direction method is used to solve the optimization problems. Finally, the effect of different number of layers, boundary conditions, width-to-thickness ratio, plate aspect ratios, hole daimeter-to-width ratio, and load ratios on the results is investigated.     

DYNAMIC ANALYSES AND ROBUST STEERING CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR AUTOMATED LANE GUIDANCE OF HEAVY‐DUTY VEHICLES

In this paper, we present various linear analyses of the linearized lateral dynamics of heavy‐duty vehicles (HDVs) (tractor‐semitrailer type), which include time domain, frequency domain and pole/zero analyses. These analyses are conducted to examine the vehicle response to the steering input subjected to variations of speed, road adhesion coefficient, cargo load in the trailer, and look‐ahead distance for the lateral deviation sensor. These parameters (uncertainties) have significant influence on vehicle dynamics. It has been shown that redefining the look‐ahead lateral error as the controlled output has a favorable impact on the lateral control problem. Based on these analyses, a robust steering controller using H_∞ loop‐shaping procedure is designed for a tractor semitrailer combination to follow the road center line on both curved and straight highway sections. The proposed controller ensures the robust performance under model uncertainties which include varying vehicle longitudinal speed, road adhesion coefficient, and cargo load in the trailer. The performance of the designed controller is evaluated by simulations and validated by experiments.     

Optimal structural topologies with transmissible loads

In optimal topological design of structures one obtains the configuration of optimal structures when the design domain, the displacement boundary conditions and the applied loads are specified. In the optimal structure one often notices a marked difference between the main bearing structure and the load transfer zones. The latter are composed of relatively light elements the exact nature of which is not always very distinct. The main purpose of this paper is to allow the main bearing part of the structure to emerge. Moreover the actual location of the load along its line of action is not always a design requirement. In order to include this relaxed condition regarding the loading position the concept of transmissible or sliding forces is introduced in topological design of structures. A transmissible force is a force of given magnitude and direction which can be applied at any point along the line of action of the force. The optimization formulation is similar to standard topological design procedure in addition to the condition of transmissability of the forces. It is shown that this condition reduces to an equal displacement constraint along the line of action of the forces. The method is illustrated by typical structural examples. It is observed that this numerical method produces indeed crisp images of the main structural components, unblurred by the secondary load transfer elements. It is also indicated that many results are often replicas of Prager structures which were previously obtained by analytical methods. Received March 3, 1999     

一种抗震型横向剪切干涉仪的设计

针对机械扫描式光谱分析设备抗震、抗干扰能力差等问题,设计了抗震型横向剪切干涉系统,将分束镜作为机械扫描部分产生光程差,通过两个分束镜之间的连杆将引入的外部震动、干扰等相互抵消.计算了产生干涉条纹的干涉强度,分析了旋转分束镜对应角度的光程差函数,并求解了顺时针与逆时针对应的最大旋转角度.实验分别在3种条件下进行,采用850 nm激光器,对比此光学系统与传统迈克尔逊干涉仪的抗干扰能力,实验结果再与WQF530型光谱分析仪进行比较.实验结果显示:在防震平台上,两者的测试值都接近标准值;但当无防震设备时,系统的抗震设计可以有效抵消外部干扰造成的功率偏差及半宽增大,比传统迈克尔逊干涉仪测得的激光半宽精确提高一倍以上.     

层状土壤条件下地下滴灌水氮运移模型及应用

基于土壤水分运动的动力学方程和溶质运移的对流-弥散方程,考虑地下滴灌灌水器流量随时间的变化,建立了层状土壤地下滴灌施用硝酸铵(NH4NO3)条件下水氮运移的数学模型。利用均质砂土(S)、均质壤土(L)、上砂下壤(SL)和砂土夹层(LSL)四种土壤的试验数据对模型进行了验证。结果指出,考虑土壤中灌水器流量随时间变化可稍改善土壤含水率和硝态氮的模拟精度。利用验证后的数学模型研究了灌水器流量(1.1、1.75和2.6L/h)、灌水器与犁底层相对位置对地下滴灌水氮分布的影响,模拟结果表明灌水器流量对含水率分布的影响不明显,但灌水器流量的增大可明显增加20~40cm土层硝态氮含量;灌水器与犁底层相对位置对水氮分布影响显著,灌水器位于犁底层中(埋深25cm)土壤表层干土层较薄、水氮向下运移深度较小,有利于减小土壤蒸发和避免水氮淋失。     

Bearing loads of dual rotor-bearing system under stationary and transient conditions

Aimed at aeroengine vibration failure, bearing loads of dual rotor-bearing system caused by unbalance are calculated under stationary and transient conditions. The three-dimensional (3-D) finite element method (FEM) model of dual rotor-bearing system was established. Applying the rotor dynamics function of Ansys 12.0, bearing loads were calculated under various unbalance force in stationary condition, and the transient vibration characteristics and the effect of acceleration on bearing loads were discussed. On the basis of simulation results, the influence disciplines of unbalance on bearing loads and theoretic reference for reducing bearing loads during start-up were obtained.     

行车和温度荷载作用下沥青路面的松弛响应分析

目的研究沥青混凝土路面在行车和温度荷载作用下的松弛特性,更好地做到防裂控制工作．方法确定黏弹性材料参数及能够反应温度、沥青混合料黏弹性本构关系,建立典型的路面结构三维有限元模型,模拟面层材料在不同初始变形的应力状态,分析路表弯沉、沥青面层层底和土基顶面的响应．结果沥青路面在荷栽和温度作用下,面层黏弹性材料会使路面应力减小．面层层底和基层层底应力会发生松弛,最后趋于稳定值;在行车载荷作用下弯沉会随着时间的推移发生回弹,最后逐渐趋于稳定．结论松弛是材料本身属性与其他因素无关;应力松弛模量越小,松弛性能越好,低温抗裂性越好．     

荷载倾角对大直径长桩承载特性的影响分析

基于数值分析与荷载传递相结合的方法,利用FLAC3D对倾斜荷载下大直径长桩进行模拟,分析了荷载倾角对桩的承载特性的影响.结果表明,荷载倾角影响桩的承载方式,随着荷载倾角的逐渐增加,桩的承载方式由竖向承载为主逐渐向水平承载为主转化.荷载倾角在0°～20°范围内变化时,桩顶以沉降为主;在30°～90°范围内变化时,桩顶水平位移大于沉降.随着荷载倾角的增大,上部桩体侧移显著增大,桩两侧合土抗力零点向深部移动,桩端阻力减小.桩前侧和桩后侧最大合土抗力与荷载倾角的正弦值近似呈线性递增关系;桩前侧最大合土抗力受荷载倾角的影响比桩后侧最大合土抗力大.     

Movements with Lateral Constraint

Abstract

The literature on terminal control tasks and continuous tracking tasks suggests a possible model for tasks where the subject must guide a vehicle at his own speed along a course defined by a tolerance band. The model predicts a linear relationship between the average velocity and the width of the tolerance band. Throe experiments are described which simulate vehicle guidance by pencil-and-paper experiments for courses consisting of straight lines and circles. The predictions of the model were confirmed, suggesting that a general measure for the ease of control of a vehicle (or other controlled system) is possible using this technique.     

Base Pressure Measurements under a Scale Model Stockpile

The ability of a granular bulk material to transmit internal shear stress is a fundamental property that is often overlooked or underestimated, yet it is this ability that allows many observed physical phenomena to occur. One such area that continues to be a focus for numerical, theoreticals and experimental researchers is the pressure that a stockpile of granular material places on the supporting surface. While appearing to be a simple problem, the ability of granular materials to transmit shear stress makes this an extremely complex problem. This article presents high-quality data collected under a 2 m high stockpile and full details of the experimental facilities used in the collection of the data.

The work presented is of significant value, having a much greater scale than previous studies (Jotaki & Moriyama, 1979; Lee & Herington, 1971; Smid & Novosad, 1981), and the deliberate inclusion of a central reclaim channel offers insight into stress changes during gravity reclaim and refilling. The results of this work have shown that the so-called 'M' pressure does exist under larger stockpiles both with and without reclaim hoppers; of more significance is the reemergence of the M pressure upon refilling of an emptied stockpile. This clearly illustrates that the M pressure is a robust and natural pressure distribution for a conical stockpile.