Calibration Method of Current Meters

This paper presents a rapid method for propeller current meter calibration, enabling calibration of current meters in their actual working conditions using simpler equipment than what is currently used in traditional calibrations, and exploiting the uniform velocity profile present through submerged outflows (e.g., flow nozzles and orifices). Experiments were performed to confirm the fundamental hypothesis of uniform horizontal and vertical velocity distribution downstream of a submerged jet. Two experimental velocities were adopted to determine the calibration curve: one based on the discharge and the outflow area; the other derived from Torricelli’s formula, which relies on the head difference between two reservoir levels. Because a current meter measures local velocity, the influence on the measurements’ reliability as a function of current meter position in the submerged outflow jet was investigated. An uncertainty analysis was also performed, and a comparison of the results with the preexisting calibration lines obtained by towing tank is presented.     

量测提升卡尔曼滤波

滤波器设计是系统辨识和状态估计的重要基础.卡尔曼滤波通过状态预测和量测更新的实现框架,在最小方差准则下实现对目标状态的最优估计,但在单传感器量测环境中其滤波精度易受量测噪声随机性的影响.本文提出一种基于量测提升策略的卡尔曼滤波算法实现框架,新方法依据当前时刻量测和量测噪声先验统计信息构建虚拟量测,并通过对虚拟量测采样以及融合提升系统量测信息可靠性,进而改善状态估计精度.同时,针对算法在工程应用中实时性、准确性以及鲁棒性等需求,设计了分布式加权融合和集中式一致性融合的两种实现结构.理论分析和仿真实验结果验证了算法的可行性和有效性.     

喷漆烘烤线运输吊钩的改进

对喷漆烘烤线吊钩存在的问题进行了分析,设计出一种新型吊钩,满足了生产需要。     

JPEG2000小波提升算法的硬件设计

离散小波变换是当今许多图像处理和压缩技术的基础,并被最新的ISO/IEC静态图像压缩标准JPEG2000所采用.基于提升方法的离散小波变换比传统的基于卷积的运算量小.我们为JPEG2000中的小波提升算法提出一个硬件结构,该结构整体运算速度高,存储需求低,硬件资源耗费少.我们提出在数据通道之外实现边界扩展,以降低数据通道的复杂性,提高运算效率.我们通过采用流水线技术,进一步提高了硬件设计的运算效率.     

无线传感器网络拓扑控制的理论探讨

拓扑控制是无线传感器网络中重要的节能技术,并且已经形成了功率控制和睡眠调度两个主流研究方向。针对当前研究工作中存在的问题,对拓扑控制进行了基础性的研究。全面地考虑了网络的通信能耗和空闲能耗,在理想情况下给出了以最小化能耗为目标的拓扑控制问题的一个明确定义;证明了这个问题是NP-难的,同时非形式化地讨论了更实际的拓扑控制问题的计算复杂性;并且在此基础上,进一步提出了关于如何设计能量高效的拓扑控制协议的3个必要性原则。希望本研究成果有助于探索更好的拓扑控制协议。     

Underfoot accidents

The events leading to injury and the contributory factors associated with each event were investigated in a series of 100 patients treated in an A&E department, using a new programmable accident model for the analysis and storage of data.

The focal point of the interview with each casualty was identification of the first unforeseen event in the sequence leading to injury, together with the activities and movements at the time of the first event and any objects associated with it.

In 37 cases out of 100, the first unforeseen event took place between the feet and their point of support. For example, the foot slipped unexpectedly, a step was missed or a ladder fell.

As a result of these underfoot accidents, sprains of the joints of the lower limb were frequent injuries but second injuries occurred more commonly than after other types of first unforeseen events. Underfoot accidents occurred in 10 out of the 38 injuries at work and in 27 of the 62 which took place at home, at leisure, while shopping, etc.     

A cross-validation of the NIOSH limits for manual lifting

The psychophysical, biomechanical, and physiological criteria used in establishing the NIOSH limits for manual lifting were cross-validated against the data published by different researchers in the subject literature. Assessment of the 1991 NIOSH lifting equation indicated that: (1) NIOSH-based limits are significantly different from the psychophysical limits in the (i) low and high frequencies of lift, and (ii) small and large horizontal distances; (2) NIOSH limits are highly correlated with the data of Snook and Ciriello (1991) in the low frequency range, with the Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) protecting about 85% of the female population and 95% of the male population; (3) the 3·4 kN limit for compression on the lumbosacral joint cannot protect the majority of the worker population on the basis of damage load concept; and (4) energy expenditure limits used in development of the RWL index can be sustained by 57 to 99% of worker population when compared to the physiological limits based on previous fatigue studies. Results of the cross-validation for psychophysical criterion confirmed the validity of assumptions made in the 1991 NIOSH revised lifting equation. However, the results of cross-validation for the biomechanical and physiological criteria were not in total agreement with the 1991 NIOSH model     

Foot motions in manual material handling transfer tasks: A taxonomy and data from an automotive assembly plant

Ergonomic job analysis commonly applies static postural and biomechanical analysis tools to particular postures observed during manual material handling (MMH) tasks, usually focusing on the most extreme postures or those involving the highest loads. When these analyses are conducted prospectively using digital human models, accurate prediction of the foot placements is critical to realistic postural analyses. In automotive assembly jobs, workers frequently take several steps between task elements, for example, picking up a part at one location and moving to another location to place it on the vehicle. A detailed understanding of the influence of task type and task sequence on the stepping pattern is necessary to accurately predict the foot placements associated with MMH tasks. The current study examined the patterns of foot motions observed during automotive assembly tasks. Video data for 529 pickup and delivery tasks from 32 automotive assembly jobs were analysed. A minimum of five cycles was analysed for each task. The approach angle, departure angle, hand(s) used, manipulation height and patterns of footsteps were coded from the video. Object mass was identified from the job information sheet provided by the assembly plant. Three independent raters coded each video and demonstrated an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.54 for identification of the configuration of the lower extremities during terminal stance. Based on an analysis of the distribution of stepping behaviours during object transitions (pickups or deliveries), a transition classification system (TRACS) was developed. TRACS uses a compact notation to quantify the sequence of steps associated with a MMH transition. Five TRACS behaviour groups accounted for over 90% of the transition stepping behaviours observed in the assembly plant. Approximately two-thirds (68.4%) of the object transfers observed were performed with only one foot in contact with the ground during the terminal posture. The results from this paper suggest that a predictive model for choosing a transition stepping behaviour, coupled with a model to scale the selected foot behaviours, is needed to facilitate accurate prospective ergonomic analyses. This study proposes a method for categorising the stepping patterns associated with MMH tasks. The influence of task type and task sequence on the stepping patterns observed during several automotive assembly tasks is discussed. For prospective postural analyses conducted using digital human models, accurate prediction of the foot placements is critical to realistic postural analyses.     

Automobile-Speed Estimation Using Movie-film Simulation

A silent movie film made by shooting through the windscreen of a car driven at different constant speeds was shown in an auditorium, and subjects asked to estimate the speed of the car. Of the 70 subjects who participated, 35 sat at the front and the remainder at the back.

The speed estimates of those seated at the back were, on average, some 11 per cent higher than those at the front. An explanation for this effect is given. It is shown that those at the correct perspective distance from the screen ( in the present case, those at the front) will receive an impression of speed which most closely resembles the actual speed of the car.

The speed estimates from the front of the auditorium most closely resembled those observed in an earlier field experiment when the subjects' hearing was diminished. It is concluded that the movie technique provides a good simulation of the task in the field experiment if the following two qualifications are made. First, the movie must be viewed from close to the correct perspective distance. Second, a silent movie corresponds to the real situation in which the observer is prevented from hearing.     

电网故障诊断的一种完全解析模型

现代大规模互联电网提高了电力系统运行的稳定性和经济性,同时也给电网的故障诊断增加了难度。对电网保护配置和断路器动作规则进行深入分析,提出一种新的电网故障诊断模型——完全解析模型,并为基于此模型的故障诊断提出一种实用有效的求解方法。在完全解析模型中,故障假说（即可疑故障设备的故障情况）与保护、断路器的动作情况及拒动和误动情况一同表示成逻辑变量,而保护配置和断路器动作规则以逻辑方程组形式进行充分表达,逻辑方程组的每个解析解对应一个故障模式（设备故障状态和保护动作、断路器跳闸状态及拒动/误动情况）,是对故障情形的完整解释。本模型对故障诊断规则和保护、断路器的动作逻辑进行完全解析,并完整保留了故障设备、保护动作和断路器跳闸之间的耦合关系,克服了已有解析模型的缺陷。算例表明,保留完整耦合关系的完全解析模型可有效提高故障诊断的准确性和容错能力。