钢球纵轧成形后滑的研究

基于钢球坯纵轧成形工艺,应用弹塑性有限元法,建立了钢球坯连轧成形的实体模型;模拟了轧件在成形过程中的速度场;通过实验研究了后滑的存在及其影响因素。     

微合金化技术开发800MPa级高韧直缝焊管钢

采用微合金化和热轧后超快冷等技术生产得到800 MPa级高韧直缝钢管钢,借助OM、SEM、TEM和室温拉伸等,研究了试验钢不同区域的组织与性能。研究表明,试验钢的热轧组织主要是粒状贝氏体+少量板条贝氏体;焊接热影响区粒状贝氏体体积分数减少到32.7%,板条贝氏体体积分数增加到30.5%,组织中出现针状铁素体和少量马氏体。试验钢热轧区主要以Ti为主进行复合微合金化,综合运用固溶强化、细晶强化、位错强化和析出强化,具有高的强韧性,屈服强度为804 MPa、抗拉强度为852 MPa、伸长率为21.5%。     

激光冲击改善W6M05Cr4V2(M2)高速钢刀具材料耐磨性的研究

目的 研究激光冲击强化(LSP)技术对M2高速钢材料表面抗磨损性能的影响.方法 采用高功率短脉冲的强激光束对M2试样进行激光冲击处理,然后用显微硬度计测量试样冲击区横截面上的纵向显微硬度,用磨损试验机对冲击处理前后的试样进行磨损实验.结果 在铝箔涂层、流水约束层作用下对M2高速钢试样进行激光冲击强化处理,试样强化层中的奥氏体晶粒显著细化.试样冲击区横截面上形成了由表及里的纵向显微硬度梯度,获得了深约0.6 mm的硬化层,表层材料显微硬度峰值高达70HRC左右,比基体硬度提高10％左右.激光冲击处理后的M2试样表面较光洁,磨痕较少,磨痕底部相对平滑,犁沟深度较浅,磨损量较小,稳定磨损阶段较长,表面呈现较好的抗咬合性和较高的耐磨性.结论 经激光冲击处理后,M2高速钢材料强化层所获得的较细晶粒和较高硬度有效改善了表面抗磨损性能,进一步提高了M2高速钢刀具的切削性能与使用寿命.     

基于临界折射纵波无损评价激光熔覆层应力

基于临界折射纵波声弹性理论对激光熔覆层应力的评价方法进行研究.结果表明,激光熔覆层各向异性组织及层间界面是导致其临界折射纵波信号信噪比低、波形畸变程度大的主要因素,弹性极限内随应力的增大,临界折射纵波信号间时间差基本呈线性规律增大,当应力达到658 MPa时,再随应力的增大,时间差呈跳跃趋势变化,激光熔覆层各向异性组织引起的熔覆层不均匀塑性变形是导致上述结果的主要因素,且随应力的增大该影响程度亦逐渐增大.应力验证结果最大相对误差为4.5%,因而认为采用临界折射纵波法可实现激光熔覆层应力的无损评价.     

Special features of corrosion-mechanical damage in welded joints in the main heating system of Moscow

Results of investigation of metallographic special features of corrosion damage in longitudinal welded joints of a main heating system with diameters of 1400 mm and wall thicknesses of 40 mm are presented. It is shown that the nucleation of corrosion pits takes place along the fusion line on the internal wall of the heating system in the areas with high hardness (188–223 HV₁₀) and the presence of a large amount of bainite and Widmanstatten ferrite in the structure.     

枕头坝一级水电站纵向子围堰地基处理试验研究

枕头坝一级电站纵向子围堰地基由漂石和砂卵砾石覆盖层组成,且覆盖层下部夹有粉砂层和细砂层,为解决纵向围堰防渗问题,开展了高喷和控制性灌浆试验研究。根据试验成果,提出了对子围堰采用混凝土防渗墙为主、部分覆盖层深度少于40m地段采用双排控制性水泥灌浆防渗的渗控设计方案,以及对防渗墙泥浆固壁、基岩鉴定、终孔成槽验收、浇筑等重点工序的控制要求。渗控试验成果可为类似工程提供参考。     

石棉县熊家沟“7·04”泥石流堵江调查与分析

汶川"5·12"地震以来,四川地区地质构造活动进入活跃期。而芦山"4·20"地震后,雅安地区地质灾害进入高发期。2013年7月4日20时,四川省雅安市石棉县熊家沟暴发了大规模泥石流过程,堵塞竹马河,造成重大经济损失和人员伤亡。为了研究地震后熊家沟泥石流的堵江特征及其防止措施,通过泥石流流域野外调查,发现由于石-甘公路,特别是竹马河的河堤工程,使得熊家沟堆积区地形纵坡突增泥石流在其堆积区运动时,其汇入主河的运动方式发生突变。根据堵江型泥石流堆积区的纵坡变化特征,将该泥石流定义为工程纵坡增加型堵江泥石流。而对比熊家沟"7·04"泥石流物源的前后变化情况,可知其泥石流物源的平均转化率为0.307,且位于下游的泥石流物源更容易被侵蚀。通过熊家沟"7·04"泥石流的水上和水下堆积物筛分试验,发现其中值粒径d60增加值为3.4%,容重增加了3%。运用Spss统计软件和理论分析,得到工程纵坡增加型堵江泥石流的流速、流量与流域特征的关系,及其等衰减特征,为该区泥石流的类型研究及其防治提供一定依据。     

Fish Assemblage Structure and Habitat Associations in a Large Western River System

Longitudinal gradients of fish assemblage and habitat structure were investigated in the Kootenai River of northern Idaho. A total of 43 500‐m river reaches was sampled repeatedly with several techniques (boat‐mounted electrofishing, hoop nets and benthic trawls) in the summers of 2012 and 2013. Differences in habitat and fish assemblage structure were apparent along the longitudinal gradient of the Kootenai River. Habitat characteristics (e.g. depth, substrate composition and water velocity) were related to fish assemblage structure in three different geomorphic river sections. Upper river sections were characterized by native salmonids (e.g. mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni), whereas native cyprinids (peamouth Mylocheilus caurinus, northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis) and non‐native fishes (pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus, yellow perch Perca flavescens) were common in the downstream section. Overall, a general pattern of species addition from upstream to downstream sections was discovered and is likely related to increased habitat complexity and additions of non‐native species in downstream sections. Assemblage structure of the upper sections were similar, but were both dissimilar to the lower section of the Kootenai River. Species‐specific hurdle regressions indicated the relationships among habitat characteristics and the predicted probability of occurrence and relative abundance varied by species. Understanding fish assemblage structure in relation to habitat could improve conservation efforts of rare fishes and improve management of coldwater river systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Growth and Life History Patterns of a Small‐bodied Stream Fish,Cottus cognatus,in Hydropeaking and Natural Rivers of Northern Ontario

Hydroelectric facilities can dramatically alter the quantity and quality of fish habitat; however it is not well known how these habitat changes affect the growth and life history of fish. We examine the growth and life history of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), a small‐bodied sedentary, benthic stream fish, in two regulated and eight unregulated tributaries of Lake Superior, Canada. Among rivers, we found that slimy sculpin grew faster in the regulated Magpie River than in nearby unregulated systems, whereas growth in the Michipicoten River was intermediate. Sculpin were also in better condition in the regulated Magpie and Michipicoten than in nearby natural rivers. Faster growth of sculpin, however, potentially led to their rapid maturity and higher instantaneous mortality in regulated rivers. Within the regulated rivers, there are strong longitudinal gradients in growth, with sculpin at sampling sites near the dams growing more rapidly, maturing earlier and attaining a larger size‐at‐age than sculpin at sites farther downstream or in natural systems. Differences in sculpin life history traits within rivers closely followed spatial patterns in food availability. We caution future researchers and managers to acknowledge the longitudinal gradients in abiotic and biotic conditions below dams early in experimental designs and monitoring programmes and how this may impact the measures of central tendency and statistical power when comparing rivers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simple low-cost approach for transport parameter determination in mountain rivers

A simplified low-cost approach to experimentally determine transport parameters in mountain rivers is described, with an emphasis on the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (D_L). The approach is based on a slug injection of table salt (NaCl) as a tracer and specific conductance readings at different locations downstream of the injection spot. Observed specific conductance readings are fit using the advection-dispersion equation with OTIS-P, yielding estimates of cross-sectional area and longitudinal dispersion coefficient for various stream reaches. Estimates of the D_L are used to assess the accuracy of several empirical equations reported in the literature. This allowed the determination of complementary transport parameters related to transient storage zones. The empirical equations yielded rather high D_L values, with some reaching up an order of magnitude higher to those obtained from tracer additions and OTIS-P. Overall, the proposed approach seems reliable and pertinent for river reaches of ca. 150 m in length.