Individual empowerment of agile and non-agile software developers in small teams

ContextEmpowerment of employees at work has been known to have a positive impact on job motivation and satisfaction. Software development is a field of knowledge work wherein one should also expect to see these effects, and the idea of empowerment has become particularly visible in agile methodologies, in which proponents emphasise team empowerment and individual control of the work activities as a central concern.ObjectiveThis research aims to get a better understanding of how empowerment is enabled in software development teams, both agile and non-agile, to identify differences in empowering practices and levels of individual empowerment.MethodTwenty-five interviews with agile and non-agile developers from Norway and Canada on decision making and empowerment are analysed. The analysis is conducted using a conceptual model with categories for involvement, structural empowerment and psychological empowerment.ResultsBoth kinds of development organisations are highly empowered and they are similar in most aspects relating to empowerment. However, there is a distinction in the sense that agile developers have more possibilities to select work tasks and influence the priorities in a development project due to team empowerment. Agile developers seem to put a higher emphasis on the value of information in decision making, and have more prescribed activities to enable low-cost information flow. More power is obtained through the achievement of managing roles for the non-agile developers who show interest and are rich in initiatives.ConclusionAgile developers have a higher sense of being able to impact the organisation than non-agile developers and have information channels that is significantly differently from non-agile developers. For non-agile teams, higher empowerment can be obtained by systematically applying low-cost participative decision making practices in the manager–developer relation and among peer developers. For agile teams, it is essential to more rigorously follow the empowering practices already established.     

SIMULATION AND ESTIMATION OF LONG MEMORY CONTINUOUS TIME MODELS

Abstract. Some general properties of long memory continuous time processes are recalled or proved. Methods of simulation are studied. A comparison with the usual discrete time autoregressive fractionally integrated moving-average filter is made and illustrations are provided. Then, two methods of estimation of the parameters of such a model from a discrete sample are studied, both theoretically and empirically, with Monte Carlo experiments.     

基于“二叉决策树”模型的嵌入式软件调试

在嵌入式软件开发过程中,软件不可避免地会出现各种错误,因此调试是软件生命周期中一个非常重要的环节。针对嵌入式软件开发的流程和特点,对其调试部分进行较为深入具体的研究和探索,提出基于调试器的"二叉决策树"调试模型。该模型描述了嵌入式软件调试的一般过程、调试对象和常用方法。实践表明"二叉决策树"调试模型具有较好的实用性和扩展性。     

感光化学中的近代研究方法

主要介绍了近 2 0年来电子显微技术、波谱技术、核磁共振技术、微波光导测试技术和离子电导测试技术等在卤化银晶体和潜影生成过程研究中的应用。     

Transfer efficiency for airless painting systems

Spray transfer efficiency (TE) is defined as the mass fraction of sprayed paint which is deposited on the intended target, the remainder of the sprayed paint becomes undesirable overspray. The relationship between TE and gun supply pressure (or paint mass flow rate), gun-to-target distance, gun traverse speed, the angle of the spray gun relative to the target (gun-to-target angle), plus spray cone angle is reported herein for a typical fan spray system. Experimental results indicate that spray momentum rate (SMR) and droplet size dictate the TE for the various combinations of parameters considered here. The key finding is that TE correlates with SMR and spray mean drop size (Sauter mean diameter, or D₃₂) via an expression of the form TE=a+b SMR − c (SMR)²+d D₃₂, where a, b, c, and d are coefficients, determined by fitting the experimental data, and SMR is estimated via SMR=m²/ρA, where the paint mass flow rate m, the paint density is ρ, and the gun exit orifice effective tip cross sectional area is A. This expression accounts for physical phenomena that govern sprayed droplet deposition characteristics, such as entrainment, bounce-back, and drop size. Experimental results also show that, for the range of parameters studied, gun traverse speed has no effect on TE, but increasing the angle of the spray gun relative to the target (gun-to-target angle), increasing the spray cone angle, or increasing the gun-to-target distance will decrease TE.     

ATP的分析方法综述

本文综述了当前的ATP分析方法，比较了各方法的分析原理，优缺点及使用范围。     

生态清洁小流域监测及后评价初探

生态清洁小流域监测及后评价对于生态清洁小流域建设效果评估和指导生态清洁小流域后期建设具有重要意义,但目前为止,关于生态清洁小流域建设后的监测及后评价方面的研究较少。鉴于此,以生态清洁小流域作为研究对象,从建设目标的角度出发,针对性选取了对生态清洁小流域建设效果评价具有代表性的监测因子,并简述了监测方法。同时,综合考虑生态清洁小流域"自然-社会-经济"特点,从社会和自然环境两大方面选取10个指标构建生态清洁小流域后评价指标体系,给出了评价方法和评价标准。该研究结果可为生态清洁小流域建设效果评价提供理论依据。     

Status of aqueous surfactant phase science

Recent phase studies of several surfactant-water systems, using new or refined methods, have revealed significant errors in earlier phase diagrams. These diagrams had been determined largely using methods based on the isoplethal phase studies principle. This principle has inherent limitations which do not exist in isothermal methods. Isothermal nuclear magnetic resonance and refined calorimetric methods have been extensively used in recent surfactant phase studies. Methods based on the new lyotrope gradient (swelling) principle show great promise as a means of improving the efficiency and quality of surfactant phase studies.