Defining Dry Eye from a Clinical Perspective

Over the past decades, the number of patients with dry eye disease (DED) has increased dramatically. The incidence of DED is higher in Asia than in Europe and North America, suggesting the involvement of cultural or racial factors in DED etiology. Although many definitions of DED have been used, discrepancies exist between the various definitions of dry eye disease (DED) used across the globe. This article presents a clinical consensus on the definition of DED, as formulated in four meetings with global DED experts. The proposed new definition is as follows: “Dry eye is a multifactorial disease characterized by a persistently unstable and/or deficient tear film (TF) causing discomfort and/or visual impairment, accompanied by variable degrees of ocular surface epitheliopathy, inflammation and neurosensory abnormalities.” The key criteria for the diagnosis of DED are unstable TF, inflammation, ocular discomfort and visual impairment. This definition also recommends the assessment of ocular surface epitheliopathy and neurosensory abnormalities in each patient with suspected DED. It is easily applicable in clinical practice and should help practitioners diagnose DED consistently. This consensus definition of DED should also help to guide research and clinical trials that, to date, have been hampered by the lack of an established surrogate endpoint.     

Driver detection and recognition of lineside signals and signs at different approach speeds

A study was carried out using simulation to investigate driver responses to lineside signals and signs at various approach speeds. The objectives of the study were: (1) to find out whether train speed would significantly affect signal/sign reading; (2) to examine at which point certain types of signs or signals could be detected or recognised, and (3) to determine a speed cut-off level above which certain types of signs or signals are no longer recognisable or detectable. Fifty-seven train drivers from 12 Train Operating Companies in the UK participated in the trials. Twenty different types of lineside signs and ten types of signals were tested under six different approach speeds ranging from 100 to 350 km/h (62–218 mph). Driver performance measures were ‘time remaining to the signal/sign’ at the point of detection or recognition, and reading error rate. The results showed a significant influence of train speed on driver responses to lineside signals/signs and demonstrated a non-linear relationship between driver responses to signals/signs and approach speed. This has been used to estimate a maximum approach speed limit within which a specific signal or sign can be correctly detected or recognised. The findings and implications of the study are discussed in the paper.     

基于互联网图像集的室外场景建模技术综述

目前在互联网上有海量的室外场景照片,它们不仅内容覆盖面广,对同一场景有大量不同视点和光照条件下的采样,而且获取成本很低.如何利用这些照片中包含的丰富场景信息,快速、方便地构造各种逼真的虚拟场景,是互联网迅猛发展给虚拟现实、计算机图形学和计算机视觉带来的新的研究课题之一.文中分析、总结了近年来国内外互联网图像的真实场景几何建模、自然光照建模和材质反射属性建模的最新研究进展,并对其未来的发展趋势提出了一些看法.     

一种基于偏最小二乘法的室外光照估计算法

针对固定视点下的室外场景在线视频光照求解问题,提出一种基于偏最小二乘室外场景实时光照估计算法.在离线阶段提取场景中对光照变化较为敏感的区域,并将这些区域像素值的均值与方差的无偏估计作为场景图像的统计参数,再利用偏最小二乘回归分析建立场景的光照参数与图像统计参数之间的模型;在在线阶段使用所建立的模型实时估计视频每一帧的光照条件.实验结果表明,使用该算法所求解的光照参数对虚拟物体进行绘制并将其融入视频中后,合成场景真实感很强.     

住宅区室外环境的人情味探索

本文从现代生活对居住环境的要求出发,指出目前我国城市住宅区空间环境规划设计中普遍存在的过于理性化、简单化、标准化的构成模式的不合理性。呼吁建筑师、规划师们应广泛根植于人民,关怀每日所居住的生活环境,了解当地居民的心理机制、行为需求、情感意志、文化趣味等,并以此作为唯一依据,从宏观控制入手,根据住宅区的时空特性进行规划设计,进而创造出能真正适合于当地居住对象所需要的、富有人情味的居住环境,以确保其生活品质。     

化工类高职学生"生产实习"考核模式探讨

生产实习教学环节是化工类高职学生实践教学内容的重要组成部分,传统的考核形式简单、方法单一,学生的实际水平从分数上得不到很好的反映.采用"挂牌仿真生产操作"方式可以对每一个学生的实习结果做出科学的评价,有利于学生主观能动性的发挥.     

城市交通微循环系统优化设计方法

为充分利用城市交通微循环道路资源以有效缓解路网交通拥挤,在分析交通微循环系统特征的基础上,设计了完整的城市交通微循环系统优化方法.以缓解区域路网交通拥挤为优化目标,依据交通流特征与交通需求定位城市主干道路网的拥挤路段,然后建立微循环绕行路线的搜索模型,能够确定需进行道路条件与交通组织优化的微循环路段,并生成静态交通标志与可变信息板的布设地点.以曲靖市中心城区交通微循环系统优化为实例,验证了所提出优化方法的有效性.     

建筑外饰面材料太阳辐射反射性能测试方法分析

外饰面材料的太阳辐射吸收性能影响着建筑的能源消耗,为降低建筑的能耗,外饰面材料的选取要考虑其太阳辐射性能.试验检测是获得外饰面材料太阳辐射性能参数的一种直接有效的方法.已有的测试方法各有其优缺点,本文在分析常用的测试方法的基础上,提出一种简捷经济的测试方法,为外饰面材料的太阳辐射性能测试提供指导.     

用太阳辐射转化法计算室外照度值

针对中国光气候数据资料不足、太阳辐射数据丰富以及资金有限的现状,在分析多种光气候数据采集方法的基础上,选用太阳辐射转化法获得光气候数据。引入发光功效的概念作为室外照度值和太阳辐射量转化的基本关系,并分析对比了已有的发光功效模型,运用天空晴朗指数,以重庆1991-1992年的实测数据为基础进行拟合,建立了总发光功效模型和散射发光功效模型。选用重庆1993年的实测数据对该模型进行了验证,得到了高于其他模型的计算精度。为了验证该模型在中国其他城市的适用性,对中国32个城市的年平均总照度值的计算值和实测值进行了对比,结果证明该转化模型能够满足采光设计的需要。运用这种方法只要输入某地某时刻的太阳辐射数据就可以计算出当地该时刻的室外总照度值和散射照度值,可以大大丰富中国各个城市的光气候数据。最后论文给出了该模型用于室外照度值计算的应用方法。     

生态翻译学视阈下的河南省旅游景区公示语翻译研究

河南省旅游资源丰富,河南省政府已明确提出了"旅游立省"的发展战略。但河南省旅游景区的公示语翻译质量却不尽人意。以生态翻译学理论为基础,采用个人访谈和问卷调查方式,从语言学生态维度和和文化生态维度二个方面对旅游景区公示语翻译进行研究。