户外广告及其规划探讨

介绍了户外广告的内容和样式,针对目前城市户外广告设置中存在的布局、尺度、安全等问题进行了分析,阐述了进行户外广告规划的作用,提出了户外广告规划的措施和建议,以期充分发挥城市户外广告景观在营造城市景观中的作用。     

What Semiotics can and cannot do for HCI

Semiotics is ‘the mathematics of the humanities’ in the sense that it provides an abstract language covering a diversity of special sign-usage (language, pictures, movies, theatre, etc.). In this capacity, Semiotics is helpful for bringing insights from older media to the task of interface design, and for defining the special characteristics of the computer medium. However, Semiotics is not limited to interface design but may also contribute to the proper design of program texts and yield predictions about the interaction between computer systems and their context of use.     

绍兴市户内燃气表外移的实践

介绍了绍兴市户内燃气表外移的原因和实践过程，分析了移袁出户的优点和经济性。     

Assessment of ultrafine particles in Portuguese preschools: levels and exposure doses

The aim of this work was to assess ultrafine particles (UFP) number concentrations in different microenvironments of Portuguese preschools and to estimate the respective exposure doses of UFP for 3–5‐year‐old children (in comparison with adults). UFP were sampled both indoors and outdoors in two urban (US1, US2) and one rural (RS1) preschool located in north of Portugal for 31 days. Total levels of indoor UFP were significantly higher at the urban preschools (mean of 1.82 × 10⁴ and 1.32 × 10⁴ particles/cm³ at US1 an US2, respectively) than at the rural one (1.15 × 10⁴ particles/cm³). Canteens were the indoor microenvironment with the highest UFP (mean of 5.17 × 10⁴, 3.28 × 10⁴, and 4.09 × 10⁴ particles/cm³ at US1, US2, and RS1), whereas the lowest concentrations were observed in classrooms (9.31 × 10³, 11.3 × 10³, and 7.14 × 10³ particles/cm³ at US1, US2, and RS1). Mean indoor/outdoor ratios (I/O) of UFP at three preschools were lower than 1 (0.54–0.93), indicating that outdoor emissions significantly contributed to UFP indoors. Significant correlations were obtained between temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation, and ambient UFP number concentrations. The estimated exposure doses were higher in children attending urban preschools; 3–5‐year‐old children were exposed to 4–6 times higher UFP doses than adults with similar daily schedules.     

千米建筑室外气候分布及对建筑冷热负荷的影响研究

基于大连市的基本气象条件,采用中尺度气象预报模式WRF V3.4对空气温度、相对湿度、风速随高度的变化规律进行了模拟研究,结果表明:在1 000m高度范围内,空气温湿度线性变化,高度每升高100m,空气温度下降约0.6℃,相对湿度增加约2%。在500m以下高度,风速随高度升高近似呈指数规律增长;500m以上高度,风速变化不大;在1 000m高度范围内,因风速变化导致的围护结构传热系数最大增加3.3%;当进行空调负荷计算时,风速的影响可以进行简单修正,甚至可以忽略风速对空调冷负荷的影响。     

Academic institutions and the problems of environmental experts in industry

There is clearly need to re‐consider curricula and practical work to provide, through universities and colleges, for the filling of posts concerned with environmental aspects of modern industries. The structure of most available courses is unsatisfactory. If career opportunities can be clarified there is reason to believe undergraduate, postgraduate and post‐experience courses could prove practicable and attractive to candidates. Some possible answers are explored.     

Volatile organic compounds in fourteen U.S. retail stores

Retail buildings have a potential for both short‐term (customer) and long‐term (occupational) exposure to indoor pollutants. However, little is known about volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations in the retail sector and influencing factors, such as ventilation, in‐store activities, and store type. We measured VOC concentrations and ventilation rates in 14 retail stores in Texas and Pennsylvania. With the exception of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, VOCs were present in retail stores at concentrations well below health guidelines. Indoor formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 4.6 ppb to 67 ppb. The two mid‐sized grocery stores in the sample had the highest levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde, with concentrations up to 2.6 ppm and 92 ppb, respectively, possibly due to the preparation of dough and baking activities. Indoor‐to‐outdoor concentration ratios indicated that indoor sources were the main contributors to indoor VOC concentrations for the majority of compounds. There was no strong correlation between ventilation and VOC concentrations across all stores. However, increasing the air exchange rates at two stores led to lower indoor VOC concentrations, suggesting that ventilation can be used to reduce concentrations for some specific stores.     

绿色节能LED显示屏的设计

文章叙述了LED显示屏能耗现状,通过对散热设计、电路设计、元器件选材等方面的探讨提出了高端绿色节能LED显示屏的设计思路和方法,并给出了设计实例。     

Reductions in driver speed using posted feedback of speeding information: social comparison or implied surveillance?

Reducing driver speed has an essential role to play in traffic safety. This study measured the effect of a roadside sign, in a 50 km/h zone, that consecutively displayed one of three messages:

1. The average speed at the site: this message was designed to induce “social comparison” whereby drivers may reduce their speed in order to comply with the behaviour of the majority.

2. A warning that drivers’ speeds were being measured: this was intended to imply surveillance whereby drivers may reduce speed in order to avoid possible enforcement action.

3. A combination of both messages, to see if both together would have a greater effect than either alone.

The speed of drivers travelling along a busy urban road (11,500 cars daily in each direction) was measured using inductive loop detectors. The proportion of drivers travelling 60 km/h or less increased with all three messages, suggesting that both social comparison and implied surveillance are mechanisms by which driver speed may be reduced. However, the speed reductions were not as great as in previous studies of feedback signs. This may be due to differences in the existing safety culture.     

Conspicuity, memorability, comprehension, and priming in road hazard warning signs

This study assessed driver reactions to 16 road hazard warning signs of various formats by projecting life-sized video of road scenes to drivers in a driving simulator. A range of measures, including attentional and search conspicuity, implicit and explicit recognition, dynamic and static comprehension, and sign priming were collected. Of the signs tested, road works and school warning signs were most often detected, remembered, and understood. Slippery surface warnings were associated with some of the lowest detection and comprehension rates. The effectiveness of the different formats depended on the type of hazard sign. In the case of road works warnings, a flashing variable message format was only slightly more conspicuous than the large dimension format, equal in comprehensibility, and perhaps somewhat worse in terms of memorability. For the school warnings, however, the flashing variable message format appeared to convey a greater sense of potential hazard, produced superior search conspicuity and priming, and was equal in terms of memorability and comprehensibility. The range of measures worked well as a whole with the two measures of conspicuity and the measure of static comprehension showing the greatest consistency.