废水臭氧催化氧化深度处理试验研究

采用单独臭氧及三种不同催化剂对烟气脱硫含碱废水迚行臭氧催化氧化试验,试验结果表明,合适催化剂投加的条件下,可以大大提高臭氧氧化效率,减少臭氧投加量。COD去除率最高可达88%,BOD5、B/C分别提高了88、675倍,大大改善了废水的可生化性,有利于迚行废水深度处理。     

离子种类对金属掺杂纳米管TiO_2光催化活性的影响

使用市售Degussa P-25TiO2粉末,采用水热合成法制备了1.0%(原子分数)Ag+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Mn2+和V5+掺杂纳米管TiO2催化剂。结果表明,随着煅烧温度增高,样品的比表面积逐渐降低,锐钛矿含量先增后减,禁带宽度逐渐变窄,变化范围与掺杂金属的种类有关。掺杂金属后,纳米管TiO2催化剂的比表面积略有降低,锐钛矿含量略有增大,禁带宽度变窄。向纳米管TiO2中掺杂Ag+、Cu2+、Fe3+和V5+,催化剂的光催化活性提高,而掺杂Mn2+,光催化活性略有降低。550℃煅烧1.0%Fe3+掺杂纳米管TiO2具有最好的催化效果,其254nm光催化臭氧氧化对腐植酸的去除率为77.4%。     

Kinetics of Fe(3)O(4)-CoO/Al(2)O(3) catalytic ozonation of the herbicide 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propionic acid

The presence of Fe(3)O(4)-CoO/Al(2)O(3) can improve degradation efficiency significantly during the ozonation of the herbicide 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (2,4-DP). The main factors affecting degradation efficiency, such as pH, the catalyst concentration and addition of the scavenger, were investigated. The kinetics of the catalytic ozonation are also discussed. The results indicate that two factors, the oxidation after adsorption of 2,4-DP and the oxidation of hydroxyl radicals (OH), lead to a great enhancement in ozonation efficiency during the catalytic ozonation of 2,4-DP in the presence of Fe(3)O(4)-CoO/Al(2)O(3), in which the oxidation of the OH plays an important role. Under controlled conditions, the apparent reaction rate constants for the degradation of 2,4-DP were determined to be 2.567 × 10(-4)s(-1) for O(3) and 1.840 × 10(-3)s(-1) for O(3)/Fe(3)O(4)-CoO/Al(2)O(3). The results from the analysis of the reaction kinetics using the relative method showed that O(3)/Fe(3)O(4)-CoO/Al(2)O(3) possessed a larger R(ct) (R(ct) is defined as the ratio of the ·OH exposure to the O(3) exposure, R(ct) = ∫C(t)(OH) dt/C(t)O(3)dt) than O(3), indicating that O(3)/Fe(3)O(4)-CoO/Al(2)O(3) produced more hydroxyl radicals.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of DBP precursors using UV with suspended and fixed TiO2

French River water (Nova Scotia, Canada) was separated into six different natural organic matter (NOM) fractions, including hydrophobic acids, bases and neutrals and hydrophilic acids, bases and neutrals. The raw water, as well as each of the NOM fractions were analysed for disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potential before and after advanced oxidation with UV/TiO₂ to determine the efficacy of this treatment for the removal of DBP precursors. The UV/TiO₂ treatment was carried out with a nanostructured thin film (NSTF), coated with TiO₂ which is compared with the use of a TiO₂ suspension. For the raw river water, removals of total trihalomethane formation potential (TTHMFP) and total haloacetic acid formation potential (THAA₉FP) were found to be approximately 20% and 90%, respectively, with 50 mJ/cm² UV exposure and 1 mg/L TiO₂. For the fractionated samples, approximately 75% of both trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) precursors were found to be associated with the hydrophobic acid fraction. For this individual fraction the same UV/TiO₂ treatments exhibited approximately 20-25% removal of both TTHMFP and THAA₉FP, suggesting that the fractionation process may have affected the treatability of HAA precursors or may have altered the results of the oxidation processes.     

Effect of biological and chemical oxidation on the removal of estrogenic compounds (NP and BPA) from wastewater: an integrated assessment procedure

A major source of the wide presence of EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Compounds) in water bodies is represented by direct/indirect discharge of sewage. Recent scientific literature reports data about their trace concentration in water, sediments and aquatic organisms, as well as removal efficiencies of different wastewater treatment schemes. Despite the availability of a huge amount of data, some doubts still persist due to the difficulty in evaluating synergistic effects of trace pollutants in complex matrices. In this paper, an integrated assessment procedure was used, based on chemical and biological analyses, in order to compare the performance of two full scale biological wastewater treatment plants (either equipped with conventional settling tanks or with an ultrafiltration membrane unit) and tertiary ozonation (pilot scale).Nonylphenol and bisphenol A were chosen as model EDCs, together with the parent compounds mono- and di-ethoxylated nonylphenol (quantified by means of GC-MS). Water estrogenic activity was evaluated by applying the human breast cancer MCF-7 based reporter gene assay. Process parameters (e.g., sludge age, temperature) and conventional pollutants (e.g., COD, suspended solids) were also measured during monitoring campaigns.Conventional activated sludge achieved satisfactory removal of both analytes and estrogenicity. A further reduction of biological activity was exerted by MBR (Membrane Biological Reactor) as well as ozonation; the latter contributed also to decrease EDC concentrations.     

Evaluation of the occurrence and biodegradation of parabens and halogenated by-products in wastewater by accurate-mass liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS)

An assessment of the sewage occurrence and biodegradability of seven parabens and three halogenated derivatives of methyl paraben (MeP) is presented. Several wastewater samples were collected at three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) during April and May 2010, concentrated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analysed by liquid chromatography-electrospray-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). The performance of the QTOF system proved to be comparable to triple-quadrupole instruments in terms of quantitative capabilities, with good linearity (R² > 0.99 in the 5-500 ng mL⁻¹ range), repeatability (RSD < 5.6%) and LODs (0.3-4.0 ng L⁻¹ after SPE). MeP and n-propyl paraben (n-PrP) were the most frequently detected and the most abundant analytes in raw wastewater (0.3-10 μg L⁻¹), in accordance with the data displayed in the bibliography and reflecting their wider use in cosmetic formulations. Samples were also evaluated in search for potential halogenated by-products of parabens, formed as a result of their reaction with residual chlorine contained in tap water. Monochloro- and dichloro-methyl paraben (ClMeP and Cl₂MeP) were found and quantified in raw wastewater at levels between 0.01 and 0.1 μg L⁻¹. Halogenated derivatives of n-PrP could not be quantified due to the lack of standards; nevertheless, the monochlorinated species (ClPrP) was identified in several samples from its accurate precursor and product ions mass/charge ratios (m/z). Removal efficiencies of parabens and MeP chlorinated by-products in WWTPs exceeded 90%, with the lowest percentages corresponding to the latter species. This trend was confirmed by an activated sludge biodegradation batch test, where non-halogenated parabens had half-lives lower than 4 days, whereas halogenated derivatives of MeP turned out to be more persistent, with up to 10 days of half-life in the case of dihalogenated derivatives. A further stability test performed with raw wastewater also showed that parabens degrade rapidly in real sewage, with half-lives lower than 10 h for n-butyl-paraben, while dihalogenated species again turned out to be more stable, with half-lives longer than a week.     

含氮消毒副产物卤代酰胺的生成特性与控制研究进展

卤代酰胺(haloamides)具有极强的致癌、致崎和致突变性,是饮用水处理领域开始关注的一种新型含氮卤代消毒副产物.这类物质分子质量小、结构简单、可水解,具有很强的极性和亲水性,可广泛存在于消毒后的出厂水中.卤代酰胺的产生受到温度、pH值、消毒剂含量的影响,但生成机制非常复杂,尚未有相关理论能完全解释其产生规律.鉴于其较强的"三致"特性,对它的物理特性、产生条件及控制手段进行研究是目前消毒副产物领域的一个重要方向.介绍了卤代酰胺的特性、检测方法,对其控制手段的最新研究进展进行了重点说明,指出通过控制其前体物的方法来控制卤代酰胺的产生是该领域的研究重点.     

淮安经济开发区水厂臭氧生物活性炭深度处理工艺设计

淮安经济开发区水厂总规模为20×104 m3/d,一期工程为10×104 m3/d,是目前苏北地区规模最大的具有深度处理工艺的新建水厂项目。针对水源水质条件和现行的生活饮用水水质标准,在参考并借鉴类似水厂成功经验的基础上采用了预臭氧/折板絮凝平流沉淀/后臭氧/微絮凝/上向流活性炭吸附/石英砂过滤/消毒处理工艺。介绍了该工程的工艺选择、参数确定及主要处理构筑物的工艺设计。     

Ozonation of unstretched natural rubber film from Hevea brasiliensis studied by ozone consumption and 13C NMR

Unstretched films of natural rubber (NR) from Hevea brasiliensis were exposed to ozone flow of 15 ml min^?1 from 4 to 300 min. The efficiency of reaction was determined by ozone consumption of NR films. Plots of reacted ozone mass versus film thickness show that the ozone penetration and the ozone reaction progressed into deeper layers (170 µm) than described in the literature (～0.5 µm). The previous proposed model based on viscometry measurements was corroborated by ozone consumption results. The effect of thickness on the O₃/NR stoichiometric ratio indicated that the diffusion process that controls the ozonation in unstretched film does not consist of the boundary progression behind which all reactive sites have been saturated. Ozonation in unstretched rubber film, while being less efficient than ozonolysis in solution, does have a reaction efficiency of the same order of magnitude. NMR spectroscopy was used to characterise the products formed by ozonation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Absorption kinetics of ozone in aqueous O-cresol solutions

The kinetics of ortho-cresol ozonation in water has been studied using the film theory. At most experimental conditions investigated, the kinetic regime of the absorption has been fast pseudo first order with respect to ozone. At 30°C mass transfer plays an important role in controlling the absorption rate of ozone. The selfdecomposition reaction of ozone does not take place because of the great reactivity of o-cresol with ozone. Reaction rate constants have been determined at pH 7 for different temperatures below 30°C. The following Arrhenius equation was obtained: k_T = 2.2 × 10²³ exp(-11784/T), L/mol ? s At temperatures below 30°C there exists an ozone partial pressure value above which the ozone absorption kinetic regime changes to fast second order regardless of experimental conditions.