Selection model of trip time for rural population

Referring to the 1 248 survey data of rural population in 14 provinces of China, the influencing factors of trip time choice were analyzed. Based on the basic theory of disaggregate model and its modelling method, nine grades were selected as the alternatives of trip time, the variables affecting time choice and the method getting their values were determined, and a multinomial logit (MNL) model was developed. Another 1 200 trip data of rural population were selected to testify the model’s validity. The result shows that the maximum absolute error of each period between calculated value and statistic is 3.6%, so MNL model has high calculation accuracy.     

用Excel实现单个正态总体均值的假设检验

单个正态总体均值的检验是假设检验中最基础的内容.通过证明两个总体均值之差假设检验的特殊情形和单个正态总体均值检验的一致性,提供了用Excel进行单个正态总体均值的检验的一种便捷方法.     

Computational Approaches for Studying the Granular Dynamics of Continuous Blending Processes, 2 – Population Balance and Data‐Based Methods

The application of computationally inexpensive modeling methods for a predictive study of powder mixing is discussed. A multidimensional population balance model is formulated to track the evolution of the distribution of a mixture of particle populations with respect to position and time. Integrating knowledge derived from a discrete element model, this method can be used to predict residence time distribution, mean and relative standard deviation of the API concentration in a continuous mixer. Low‐order statistical models, including response surface methods, kriging, and high‐dimensional model representations are also presented. Their efficiency for design optimization and process design space identification with respect to operating and design variables is illustrated.

     

Inferring kinetic dissolution of NaCl in aqueous glycol solution using a low-cost apparatus and population balance model

An experimental methodology for inferring brine dissolution rate in monoethylene glycol (MEG) solutions at different temperatures using a webcam combined with a mathematical model is presented. The measurement system is designed to track the RGB (red, green, and blue) colour variations during the dissolution process. A dynamic model augmented with the population balance equation is applied to describe the dissolution process. Moreover, the dissolution rate is consistently related to the temperature and MEG concentration through the driving force based on the Gibbs energy and chemical affinity. The applied low-cost measurement apparatus proved to be a useful resource for tracking the dissolution dynamics in a wide range of undersaturation.     

加压气液鼓泡塔的CFD数值模拟与ERT实验验证

在内径0.3 m,高6.6 m的加压鼓泡塔内,采用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟与气泡群平衡模型(PBM)耦合法进行塔内流体力学模拟,并将数值模拟结果与基于电阻层析成像技术(ERT)的实验结果对比分析,将通过ERT实时采集的横截面气含率分布和时间序列图与模拟结果进行比较。结果表明:ERT技术测量结果与CFD计算结果吻合良好,能很好地表示鼓泡塔内气液流动状态,进一步表明ERT技术对加压鼓泡塔内气液两相流进行可视化与实时测量是可行的。     

管道流动体系中水合物颗粒粒径分布特性数值模拟

研究管道内水合物颗粒的粒径分布特性对深水流动安全保障具有十分重要的意义。为模拟管道流动体系中水合物颗粒的粒径分布特性,本文首先建立了基于水合物颗粒聚集动力学的群体平衡模型。该模型重点考虑水合物颗粒在流动过程中的碰撞频率、聚并效率、破碎频率及破碎后子颗粒的粒径分布函数,可较好地刻画管内水合物颗粒的流动行为。随后,根据文献中的实验装置建立三维几何模型,利用FLUENT 14.5软件对上述群体平衡模型和相关固液两相流模型进行联合求解,借此模拟水合物颗粒初始粒径分布、水合物体积分数、管内流速和水合物颗粒初始粒径大小对管内水合物颗粒粒径分布类型及分布规律的影响。本文模拟结果与文献中相关实验数据吻合良好,可为水合物防治技术的发展提供技术支持。     

螺旋内槽管内天然气-水-表面活性剂体系的水合物生成动力学计算

针对多组分气体（天然气）-水-表面活性剂体系在螺旋内槽管内的水合物生成过程,首先采用CFD方法结合群体平衡模型（PBM）,基于溶质渗透模型和Kolmogorov各向同性湍流理论对螺旋内槽管内气液传质系数进行了模拟;其次基于Kashchiev和Firoozabadi的经典水合物成核和生长理论,将其体系从单组分-水系统扩展到多组分气体（天然气-水-十二烷基硫酸钠）系统,同时结合经典结晶理论利用传质系数对水合物生长模型进行了修正,建立了适用于螺旋内槽管流动体系内天然气水合物生成动力学模型。通过模拟计算,获得不同水合物生产条件下天然气在水中的平均传质系数;进而利用Microsoft Visual C++编程计算得到不同条件下水合物生成动力学数据,在考察范围内,天然气水合物的成核速率随着反应体系有效表面能的增大而锐减,而水合物生成驱动力和生长速率未受影响,同时水合物生长速率随着流速和反应压力的增大及温度的降低而增大,成核速率随着压力的增大和温度的降低而增大。     

传质控制下宽分布石膏颗粒群溶解特性

烟气CO₂直接与工业固废磷石膏矿化反应生成碳酸钙与硫酸铵的控速步骤是磷石膏的溶解。在传质控制下,准确表达溶解特性是矿化反应器设计的理论依据。采用种群平衡模型预测传质控制下粒径宽分布石膏颗粒群溶解特性,采用矩积分法和特征线法对模型进行数值求解并与传统的平均粒径模型表达进行对比。结果显示：种群平衡模型反映了粒径分布对溶解速率的影响,计算得到溶解过程中总容积传质系数的变化,与实验结果吻合良好,证实了种群平衡模型预测的可靠性。与之相比,平均粒径模型预测溶解速率值比实验值偏大,由此解释了工业反应器中物料实际停留时间大于模型计算值的原因。     

人口的增长过程

本文应用统计物理中的主方程,讨论了人口的增长过程及其物理意义.     

Relaxation Dynamics and Strain Persistency of Azobenzene‐Functionalized Polymers and Actuators

The accumulation of photoinduced deformation in azobenzene functionalized polymers has received a significant amount of attention in recent years. Critically, the induced photomechanical deformation in these systems experiences varying degrees of relaxation. Control over the persistence of photomechanical strains is vital to the broader utility of these materials in shape programmable systems including soft robotics and engineered origami. Furthermore, investigations of relaxation in light responsive polymer systems triggered by UV light are more prominent than those triggered by blue‐green light. In this study, the impact of chain mobility and initially induced photostrain on the relaxation dynamics of azobenzene‐functionalized polyimides after irradiation with blue light is examined. A modeling effort coupling chromophore population dynamics to material strain is carried out to further explore the relationship between material structure, relaxation dynamics, and macroscopic deformation. The implications for controlling strain persistence are highlighted by simulating one example of a photoprimed bistable actuator.