Study on early warning index of spatial deformation for high concrete dam

Owing to the deficiency in early warning for high concrete dam,a formula was established to characterize the deformation behavior of high concrete dam as a whole.The early warning index of spatial deformation was calculated by low probability principle on the basis of the deformation entropy formula proposed.The steps were as follows.Firstly,the probability method was utilized to define the degree of order and degree of chaos for each survey point.Secondly,the weight distribution among the survey points was...     

声参数的高性能混凝土强度推定模型

为研究高性能混凝土的声波传播特性及实现其强度的快速、准确、无损检测,基于超声波检测方法,应用嫩江、多宝山附近的沙石料,对高性能混凝土对声波的扩散性及其抗压性能与声参量之间的模型关系进行了研究.建立了高性能混凝土抗压强度与声速之间的多种数学模型.通过实测检测数据进行验证,满足精度要求.高性能混凝土的非均质性降低,其抗压强度与声速相关性较好,用超声的方法完全可以实现强度的快速推定.同时,也为将来高性能混凝土地区强度推定曲线的建立奠定了研究基础.     

A macro-meso constitutive law for concrete having imperfect interface and nonlinear matrix

The overall behavior of concrete depends on its meso structures such as aggregate shape, interface status, and mortar matrix property. The two key meso structure characters of concrete, bond status of interface and nonlinear property of matrix, are considered in focus. The variational structure principle is adopted to establish the macro-meso constitutive law of concrete. Specially, a linear reference composite material is selected to make its effective behavior approach the nonlinear overall behavior of concrete. And the overall property of linear reference composite can be estimated by classical estimation method such as self-consistent estimates method and Mori-Tanaka method. This variational structure method involves an optimum problem ultimately. Finally, the macro-meso constitutive law of concrete is established by optimizing the shear modulus of matrix of the linear reference composite. By analyzing the constitutive relation of concrete established, we find that the brittleness of concrete stems from the imperfect interface and the shear dilation property of concrete comes from the micro holes contained in concrete. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50679022, 90510017, 50539090) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB714104)     

二醇柱高效液相色谱法测定人参提取液中的人参皂苷

采用二醇柱,在等度洗脱条件下,建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)定量分析人参提取液中人参皂苷的检测方法.优化的色谱条件:LiChrospher100 Diol柱(250 mm x2 mm i.d.,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(体积比为82∶18),流速为1.0 L.min-1,检测波长为200 nm,柱温为15℃.研究结果表明:在较低温度下,采用二醇柱分析7种主要人参皂苷,具有分析速度快,不需要梯度洗脱程序,方法简单等优点.     

HYDRODYNAMIC STUDIES IN FISCHER-TROPSCH DERIVED WAXES IN A BUBBLE COLUMN

Gas hold-up and Sauter mean bubble diameter measurements were made in a 0.051 m diameter by 3 m long glass bubble column in the system, nitrogen-molten wax, with three different waxes (paraffin wax FT-300, Sasol's Arge wax and Mobil's reactor wax). Paraffin wax has a tendency to foam and gas hold-up is a strong function of gas distributor type, temperature and start-up procedure, whereas the reactor waxes do not foam and are much less affected by these variables, In experiments at 265°C with a 1.85 mm single hole orifice plate distributor the gas hold-ups were nearly the same for all three waxes. However, significant differences in Sauter mean bubble diameters were obtained in experiments with different waxes; FT-300 wax produced the smallest Sauter mean bubble diameters whereas Mobil's reactor wax produced the largest bubbles. Addition of 1-octadecanol and octadecanoic acid (up to 10wt%) to the FT-300 paraffin wax caused an increase in gas hold-up and a delay in the foam break-up in runs at 265°C with the 1.85 mm orifice plate distributor.     

面板堆石坝面板顺坡向挤压破坏机理的试验研究

本文针对面板堆石坝面板顺坡向挤压破坏的钢筋压曲凸起问题开展了试验研究,采用了配有单根立筋的混凝土柱受压试验来模拟面板顺坡向的挤压破坏。试验结果证实了以往研究中无箍筋钢筋混凝土立柱抗压强度低于素混凝土柱、且钢筋保护层厚度越小强度越低的推测。与素混凝土柱相比,保护层厚5 cm钢筋混凝土柱的强度降低约10％。根据试验的破坏荷载结果,通过已有理论解反推出了立柱的侧向支撑刚度k,对于保护层厚5 cm和8 cm立柱k值相应为0.841 N·mm^-2和1.032 N·mm^-2。经过试验结果分析,发现钢筋混凝土立柱各截面不服从应变平面假设,受压中钢筋没有同混凝土一起协调变形,钢筋与混凝土之间相互作用强烈。本研究结果再次说明,限制钢筋的侧向变形是防止面板顺坡向挤压破坏的根本措施。应开展可模拟混凝土中钢筋压曲的挤压破坏数值模拟研究,为这些措施的量化设计提供依据。     

Experimental study on temperature stress calculation and temperature control optimization of concrete based on early age parameters

Temperature control curve is the key to achieving temperature control and crack prevention of high concrete dam during construction,and its rationality depends on the accurate measurement of temperature stress.With the simulation testing machine for the temperature stress,in the present study,we carried out the deformation process tests of concrete under three temperature curves：convex,straight and concave.Besides,we not only measured the early-age elastic modulus,creep parameters and stress process,but also proposed the preferred type.The results show that at early age,higher temperature always leads to greater elastic modulus and smaller creep.However,the traditional indoor experiments have underestimated the elastic modulus and creep development at early age,which makes the calculated value of temperature stress too small,thus increasing the cracking risk.In this study,the stress values of the three curves calculated based on the strain and early-age parameters are in good agreement with the temperature stress measured by the temperature stress testing machine,which verifies the method accuracy.When the temperature changes along the concave curve,the law of stress development is in consistent with that of strength.Under this condition,the stress fluctuation is small and the crack prevention safety of the concave type is higher,so the concave type is better.The test results provide a reliable basis and support for temperature control curve design and optimization of concrete dams.     

混凝土力学时空特性对衬砌支护设计影响研究

竖井支护设计对围岩稳定和施工安全具有重要意义,水利水电工程中采用正井法开挖引水竖井的工程案例较少。根据正井法施工特点,确定开挖、初衬以及拆模等工序需要的具体时间,考虑混凝土力学参数的时效特征,并结合所在区域的地质条件、岩体力学参数以及开挖进尺,对初衬设计厚度、强度以及拆模时间等进行了研究,形成了一套基于正井法施工,考虑衬砌混凝土力学参数时空特征条件下的衬砌设计方法。实践表明,考虑混凝土力学参数时空特征条件下的支护设计更加合理,具有一定经济和社会效益。     

基于EDEM的混凝土板桩静压贯入过程三维颗粒流数值模拟

针对混凝土板桩在干粗砂地基中的静压贯入问题,为了明确贯入过程中的挤土效应及贯入阻力的发展规律,利用离散元数值模拟软件EDEM(Engineering Discrete Element Method)对干粗砂中混凝土板桩静压贯入过程进行了三维数值模拟。为此,提出了适用于类似试验的参数标定方法,分析了贯入过程中颗粒的运动特征。针对板桩结构的特点,对长边和短边方向的挤土效应进行了对比,并以短边为例,分析了不同高度处的挤土效应。最后,根据颗粒与桩结构的接触力,提取了桩端阻力和桩侧摩阻力的值,分析了两者在贯入过程中的变化规律。结果显示:在贯入过程中,颗粒的运动呈现"涡流状",并随贯入过程演化;板桩沿短边方向的表面隆起量约为沿长边方向的隆起量的2倍;随着长宽比的增加,板桩结构在短边方向和长边方向的隆起值相应增加,且短边方向的隆起值与长边方向的隆起值的比值与相应板桩的长宽比近似相等;随着贯入的进行,桩侧摩阻力所占的比重逐渐增加,在完全贯入后,侧摩阻力值约占桩端阻力的1/25;不同长宽比的板桩结构,其桩端阻力和桩侧摩阻力的单位值近似相等,并与准二维计算结果相近。     

氯盐干湿循环作用下混凝土力学性能与孔结构变化研究

为探究淡水区和氯盐环境下干湿循环对混凝土构件的影响差异,分别模拟了无氯盐和有氯盐作用的干湿循环环境,测试干湿循环前后混凝土的抗压强度、动弹模量、微观孔结构参数及孔径分布情况,比较了宏微观指标变化程度。结果表明,两种干湿循环作用均对混凝土抗压强度有少许增强作用,微观表现为孔隙率的减小;两种干湿循环均会降低混凝土的动弹模量,使混凝土内部出现损伤,微观表现为混凝土孔径分布情况变差,特别是大孔含量有增加。一般干湿循环会使混凝土抗渗性增强,氯盐干湿循环会降低混凝土抗渗性,微观表现为一般干湿循环后混凝土临界孔径减小,而氯盐干湿循环后,混凝土临界孔径增大。