Sonderlösungen bei der brandschutztechnischen Bewertung von Konstruktionsdetails

Special‐purpose solutions in the fire‐protective evaluation of construction details Very often components or construction details in existing buildings but also in new buildings cannot be evaluated with regard to its fire resistance ability considering established technical building regulations. There are no regulations for the evaluation of such components or construction details as these specific construction details have not been evaluated by a certified test authority. However, these components and construction details very often can be classified in fire resistance classes e. g. by evaluating fire tests, with regard to DIN 4102‐4, on the basis of similar proof of usability or only by pragmatic considerations. Since introducing the technical approval of the fire protection Eurocodes more often engineering methods of fire protection are used based on these Eurocodes by using temperature assessment in order to secure the evaluation results. Within this essay we show methods and ways of fire‐protective evaluation for components and construction details. The approach of proof including dimensions of possible upgrade measurements if necessary are being illustrated by examples of use out of practical experience. At the same time different materials such as steel, concrete and wood will be treated with different fire‐proof products. The essay is to explain ways of evaluation of components and construction details involving fire‐proof requirements including upgrade measurements also especially for existing buildings.     

Application of a multiline material characterization method to inkjet printed electronics

Material characterization has become increasingly important with the adoption of simulation‐based workflow for microwave electronics design. This article focuses on the characterization of printable electronics materials using transmission‐line measurements and demonstrates the capability of the multiline characterization method to separate dielectric and conductor losses when line geometry and material properties vary between the lines. The effects of multiline algorithm, number of line standards, and methods for selecting optimal line lengths are demonstrated. Consistent characterization results are obtained from inkjet‐printed transmission lines on two different substrate materials. In addition, local conductor thickness variations are demonstrated as an effective way to decrease losses. Finally, the simulation‐based procedure for determining the material properties is outlined and applied to printable electronics characterization. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:177–183, 2014.     

新疆慕萨莱思感官特性定量描述分析

通过对10份新疆慕萨莱思样品进行定量描述评价,对其评价值进行多变量数据统计分析,并分析对传统慕萨莱思外观、口感及香气特征的影响因素。通过ANOVA、均值风味轮及主成分分析,显示慕萨莱思感官特征差异显著,但主体感官特征为棕色系列、酸甜为主、略带苦涩、香气丰富、典型性强,具有突出的焦糖香与醇香;传统工艺是奠定慕萨莱思基础色调、体态及典型香型的主要因素,但原料品种及贮藏时间也具有不同程度影响;传统工艺与和田红原料是慕萨莱思优质品质的保障,而现代工艺介入及其他原料的选用,对慕萨莱思口感、香气特征具有消弱作用;1～2a贮藏消弱新酒的粗糙、苦涩等口感而使其变得圆润,同时也将其香气馥郁度与悠长尾味消弱而变得寡淡。酿制年份对慕萨莱思感官品质不具明显作用。由偏最小二乘回归法进行分类分析得到慕萨莱思样品分散度大,说明其感官特征复杂多变,稳定性不足。     

Analysis of the behaviour of retaining structures through a novel data interpretation approach

Retaining structures are generally designed to satisfy serviceability limits on allowed deflections while also providing sufficient strength to carry the bending moment caused by the soil pressure acting on the wall in tandem with any applied loads. Since wall displacement and mobilised soil pressure are the most important design parameters, direct measurement would be ideal, however instrumentation limitations leave the measurement of wall curvature using strain gauges and rotation using inclinometers as the industry standard for retaining wall monitoring. Pressure and deflection are normally inferred from these discrete, sparse and potentially inaccurate measurements through beam theory by fitting the discrete data to obtain differentiable continuous curves. Conventional fitting methods cannot simultaneously fit data from different types of instrumentation like inclinometers and strain gauges and there is generally little flexibility in addressing issues when the fits do not make geotechnical sense. A novel fitting approach is developed to address these shortcomings, with the ability to pull together imperfect data from a multitude of instruments (strain gauges, inclinometers, displacement transducers etc.) into a cohesive prediction. The method is validated based on field and centrifuge data in which it outperforms existing fitting solutions. This novel approach significantly simplifies data analysis by enabling practising engineers and researchers to simply input all instrument data from a retaining structure and retrieve sensible and accurate predictions of the parameters of soil-structure interaction which are compatible with all data measured and insensitive to measurement errors to a high degree.     

唐安村整治规划探索

文章根据唐安村的实际,提出以国家政策为方针,实地调查为依据,现状特征为基础,村民需求为方向,提升质量为目标的村庄整治规划思路及规划方案。     

A new didactic approach to statistical analysis of measurement data for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty – “SAM–EMU”

This paper describes assumptions, aims, methodology, content and consortium make up of a European project (SAM–EMU) founded under the Erasmus Lifelong Learning Programme. The project has developed learning materials in the field of evaluation of measurement uncertainty. It is available in the form of a multimedia web based course, which has many advantages. This format is commonly accepted as a good way to prepare an EU wide vocational training vehicle. The course is available in English.     

热水锅炉间接供暖量调节技术研究

根据运行实践定义了一次水相对流量等修正参数,得出了更为符合实际运行工况的量调节公式,给出了在一次水管网中应用最调节技术的节能效果。     

Discharge Measurement Using Portable Dilution Gauging Flowmeters

This paper suggests that the relative salt (sodium chloride) dilution method should be more widely used for the routine measurement of stream discharge, and has been written to increase awareness of the technique among flow-gauging practitioners. Recent improvements in instrumentation have increased accuracy and simplified practical application, making the method better suited (in many circumstances) than the more widely used alternatives. The paper (a) reports on a field study to evaluate the performance of a portable dilution-gauging flowmeter, and (b) considers the environmental issues which are associated with the method. The review reveals that the use of salt (in the quantities typically required) is unlikely to have any significant ecological impact, and argues that environmental concerns are founded upon little scientific basis.