我国车用汽油的发展概况及发展方向探讨

介绍了我国车用汽油的发展轨迹 ,通过与国外先进标准的对比分析了我国车用汽油存在的不足 .指出我国在加入WTO后 ,更应不断升级车用汽油质量标准 ,需要从标准制定、炼油技术等多方面追赶世界先进水平 ,积极研制生产清洁型无污染汽油 ,从根本上消除汽车尾气对环境的污染 .     

Effective lightning protection schemes for distribution line

The causes of lightning outage are subdivided into direct lightning strokes and induced lightning strokes, which are identified by the characteristics of the lightning overvoltage. In the past, lightning protection devices were directed mainly toward the latter, and attention has been focused on the installation of lightning protection devices, ground wires, and reinforcement of insulators. However, lightning outages continue to occur. Thus it is extremely important to clarify the fault characteristics of lightning surges and to study the effectiveness of various lightning protection devices by considering both direct lightning stroke and induced lightning stroke in order to prevent lightning outage in the future. In this research, the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) has been applied to the direct lightning stroke, and the induced lightning outage analysis program for multiple conductor systems has been applied to the induced lightning stroke to study the effectiveness of lightning protection devices provided by combination of various lightning protection devices. The most effective lightning protection schemes are analyzed and evaluated based on verification tests on the full scale models as well as economic considerations.     

一种考虑不同期合闸的行波合闸保护新方法

当线路末端故障时，行波在线路末端的反射情况比较复杂，反向电流行波的极性有可能与正向电流行波的极性相反，而此时测距结果又与线路无故障时相同。因此，会造成行波测距式与行波极性比较式合闸保护的不正确动作。根据行波的折、反射理论，分析出当线路无故障时正向电流行波仅在线路末端发生反射，且电流行波的反射系数为-1，而当线路存在故障时，正向电流行波将在故障点发生反射，无论故障是否在线路末端，电流行波的反射系数都不会是-1。根据这一特征，提出了一种新的行波合闸保护方法。从原理上保证了在各种情况下保护都可以正确动作，大量的电磁暂态仿真结果也证明了这一点。     

Effect of reliability of grounding of the shaft of a turboset on the operation of devices for control and protection of exciting circuits

Disturbance of the grounding of the shaft of a turboset or its absence for technical reasons can result in failure, misoperation, limitation of the operating zone, errors or limitation of the sensitivity of devices for control and protection of exciting circuits from single-point leakage, and electroerosion of elements of the turboset structure. Measures for increasing the reliability of the grounding of the shaft are discussed. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 3, March 2006, pp. 61–66.     

A novel dynamic survivable routing in WDM optical networks with/without sparse wavelength conversion

In this paper, we study the dynamic survivable routing problem, both in optical networks without wavelength conversion and in optical networks with sparse wavelength conversion, and propose a novel hybrid algorithm for it based on the combination of mobile agents technique and genetic algorithms (GA). By keeping a suitable number of mobile agents in the network to cooperatively explore the network states and continuously report cycles (that are formed by two disjoint-link routes) into the routing tables, our new hybrid algorithm can promptly determine the first population of cycles for a new request based on the routing table of its source node, without the time consuming process associated with current GA-based lightpath protection schemes. We further improve the performance of our algorithm by introducing a more advanced fitness function that is suitable for both the above networks. Extensive simulation studies on the ns-2 network simulator show that our hybrid algorithm achieves a significantly lower blocking probability than the conventional survivable routing algorithms for all the cases we studied.     

水生生物环境诊断(AOD)技术应用研究

介绍一种新型的毒性试验方法——水生生物环境诊断(AOD)技术，该方法将冷冻浓缩和生物测试技术有机地相结合，较好地解决了低毒性水体的毒性测试问题。应用本项技术以红鳍鱼为受试生物，分别对湖北武汉马伧湖、墨水湖、广东深圳河、长江干流寸滩等几个断面、丹江口水库白河、丹江河口、老灌河等不同水体进行AOD测试，所得48hr-LC\-50结果与实际水质状况基本相符。     

A coordinated reverse logistics system for regional management of multi-source hazardous wastes

This paper presents a coordinated reverse logistics (CRL) management system for the treatment of multi-source hazardous wastes in a given region, in this case, a specific high-technology manufacturing zone. A linear multi-objective analytical model is formulated that systematically minimizes both the total reverse logistics operating costs and corresponding risks. In addition to inter-organizational logistics operating factors, environmental concerns are considered and formulated as corresponding risk-related constraints. Using the proposed model, results of numerical studies indicate that when the aspect of risk-induced penalties is not considered, the operational costs of regional hazardous-waste management can be efficiently reduced by 58%, compared to the existing operational costs at the study site. In addition, it is also observed that the corresponding weight associated with the risk-induced objective function embedded in the proposed model seems to have a significant effect on the CRL costs.     

接地故障保护的设置和整定(三)

7 TT系统接地故障保护 TT系统的电源中性点直接接地,而电气设备的外露可导电部分则经各自的PE线接地。这样在大多数情况下,由于故障回路包括两个接地电阻,使接地故障电流太小,不足以使过电流保护动作切断接地故障电流。而且由于故障电流小,故障点未被熔焊,故障点阻抗是难以估计的接触电阻。因此,TT系统接地故障回路阻抗和故障电流难以估算。所以,必须设置漏电电流动作保护。     

隔河岩水电厂220 kV线路保护配置及运行分析

介绍了隔河岩电厂220kV线路保护的原理设计及运行情况，以及采用了双重微机化继电保护装置后带来的优越性，简要描述了CSL-101A高频保护和RCS-931A光纤保护的应用特点。