Remediation of groundwater contaminated with MTBE and benzene: the potential of vertical-flow soil filter systems

Field investigations on the treatment of MTBE and benzene from contaminated groundwater in pilot or full-scale constructed wetlands are lacking hugely. The aim of this study was to develop a biological treatment technology that can be operated in an economic, reliable and robust mode over a long period of time. Two pilot-scale vertical-flow soil filter eco-technologies, a roughing filter (RF) and a polishing filter (PF) with plants (willows), were operated independently in a single-stage configuration and coupled together in a multi-stage (RF + PF) configuration to investigate the MTBE and benzene removal performances. Both filters were loaded with groundwater from a refinery site contaminated with MTBE and benzene as the main contaminants, with a mean concentration of 2970 ± 816 and 13,966 ± 1998 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Four different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) with a stepwise increment of 60, 120, 240 and 480 L m⁻² d⁻¹ were applied over a period of 388 days in the single-stage operation. At the highest HLR of 480 L m⁻² d⁻¹, the mean concentrations of MTBE and benzene were found to be 550 ± 133 and 65 ± 123 μg L⁻¹ in the effluent of the RF. In the effluent of the PF system, respective mean MTBE and benzene concentrations of 49 ± 77 and 0.5 ± 0.2 μg L⁻¹ were obtained, which were well below the relevant MTBE and benzene limit values of 200 and 1 μg L⁻¹ for drinking water quality. But a dynamic fluctuation in the effluent MTBE concentration showed a lack of stability in regards to the increase in the measured values by nearly 10%, which were higher than the limit value. Therefore, both (RF + PF) filters were combined in a multi-stage configuration and the combined system proved to be more stable and effective with a highly efficient reduction of the MTBE and benzene concentrations in the effluent. Nearly 70% of MTBE and 98% of benzene were eliminated from the influent groundwater by the first vertical filter (RF) and the remaining amount was almost completely diminished (∼100% reduction) after passing through the second filter (PF), with a mean MTBE and benzene concentration of 5 ± 10 and 0.6 ± 0.2 μg L⁻¹ in the final effluent. The emission rate of volatile organic compounds mass into the air from the systems was less than 1% of the inflow mass loading rate. The results obtained in this study not only demonstrate the feasibility of vertical-flow soil filter systems for treating groundwater contaminated with MTBE and benzene, but can also be considered a major step forward towards their application under full-scale conditions for commercial purposes in the oil and gas industries.     

土壤重金属污染特点及修复技术研究

本文综述了生物修复、物理修复和化学修复等不同修复技术在重金属污染土壤修复方面的研究进展,分析了重金属污染土壤各修复技术在实际应用中存在的问题。     

土壤污染的电动-可渗透反应墙联合修复技术研究进展

基于我国土壤污染现状介绍了一种新兴的土壤原位修复技术,即电动-可渗透反应墙(EK-PRB)联合修复技术,阐述了其原理简单易行、应用范围广并存在潜在应用价值的特点,重点叙述了EK-PRB联合修复污染土壤技术的研究与应用进展。进一步归纳了该技术的优势与不足,结合实际土壤修复的特点及我国的具体情况指出EK-PRB联合修复技术在土壤修复领域的发展方向,进而提出该技术在实际应用中的发展趋势。     

内电解技术处理有机废水的应用进展

概括了近年来国内外采用内电解法处理有机废水的技术进展,总结了内电解技术在工程应用中存在的问题(如絮凝床堵塞、铁屑结块、填料床沟流、铁的钝化、生长生物膜、填料的更换等)及解决措施,并初步探讨了今后的工程应用和发展方向.     

壳聚糖及其衍生物对土壤重金属的稳定化效应

随着工业的发展,特别是采矿冶炼等行业的发展,使含重金属的废弃物进入土壤,造成土壤重金属污染,对环境和人体健康产生极大威胁。本文以湖南怀化某铅锌矿渣堆放地周围污染土壤为研究目标,通过壳聚糖及其衍生物对污染土壤中重金属离子的稳定化实验,筛选出对目标重金属（Cd²⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺）具有最佳稳定效果的稳定剂,探究了稳定剂对土壤中重金属离子的稳定机理,并在模拟酸雨淋溶条件下研究了最佳稳定剂对重金属离子的长期稳定化效果。稳定化实验结果表明,壳聚糖及其衍生物对土壤重金属离子均有稳定化作用,其中羧甲基壳聚糖的稳定效果最好,其使污染土壤中重金属离子的可迁移性及生物有效性明显降低。通过重金属形态分析、扫描电镜（SEM）及X射线衍射（XRD）分析得出稳定剂与土壤中重金属离子发生反应生成络合物,并通过机理分析进一步验证了羧甲基壳聚糖的稳定效果最好;淋溶实验表明,羧甲基壳聚糖对土壤中重金属离子具有长期稳定性,经其稳定后土壤中重金属离子以更稳定不易迁移的形态存在,且使土壤环境得到改善,增强了土壤本身对重金属离子的稳定。羧甲基壳聚糖有望成为修复重金属（Cd²⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺）污染土壤的优良稳定剂。     

麦秸强化石油烃污染耕地水浸洗盐过程及场地试验

针对油田产出水导致的含油盐污染耕地的生物强化修复,提出在土壤耕作层和主体层间填埋麦秸以强化水浸洗盐和抑制毛细返盐.结果表明,土壤中石油烃的浓度高于1.5% (质量分数)时会导致其疏水性增高而使得水浸润困难.添加5% (质量分数) 麦秸可使含油3.3%(质量分数)的盐污染土壤脱盐率从3%提高到25%,并可抑制毛细返盐.在中原油田实施了6 400　m²的现场实验,在耕作层(距地表25　cm)构建麦秸层,采用井水以及雨水进行洗盐,50 d后耕作层土壤电导率达到正常耕地水平的面积比例由17%提高到80%,Na⁺和Cl^-浓度分别从1 642.5 mg·kg^-1和1 301.2 mg·kg^-1下降到499.3 mg·kg^-1和433.8 mg·kg^-1.修复地块的小麦产量达正常耕地的72%,而对比地块仅为12%.说明添加麦秸可强化油盐混合污染耕地的水浸洗盐并抑制“毛细返盐".该方法操作便捷易行,在油盐混合污染耕地修复中具有很好的应用前景.     

重金属污染土壤修复原理与技术

重金属污染会导致土壤生态结构、功能、理化性质发生改变,极大地减少农作物产量,危害生态环境和人体健康,已经成为全球主要的环境污染之一。为修复土壤重金属污染,开发了数种土壤修复技术。探讨了各种修复技术的原理、优缺点、适用性,提出了未来土壤重金属污染的研究方向应该是联合修复技术。     

Easy Preparation of Liposome@PDA Microspheres for Fast and Highly Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue from Water

Mussel-inspired chemistry was usefully exploited here with the aim of developing a high-efficiency, environmentally friendly material for water remediation. A micro-structured material based on polydopamine (PDA) was obtained by using liposomes as templating agents and was used for the first time as an adsorbent material for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. Phospholipid liposomes were made by extrusion and coated with PDA by self-polymerization of dopamine under simple and mild conditions. The obtained Liposome@PDA microspheres were characterized by DLS and Zeta potential analysis, TEM microscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The effects of pH, temperature, MB concentration, amount of Liposome@PDA, and contact time on the adsorption process were investigated. Results showed that the highest adsorption capacity was obtained in weakly alkaline conditions (pH = 8.0) and that it could reach up to 395.4 mg g⁻¹ at 298 K. In addition, adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption behavior fits a pseudo-second-order kinetic model well. The equilibrium adsorption data, instead, were well described by Langmuir isotherm. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous (ΔG⁰ = −12.55 kJ mol⁻¹, ΔH⁰ = 13.37 kJ mol⁻¹) in the investigated experimental conditions. Finally, the applicability of Liposome@PDA microspheres to model wastewater and the excellent reusability after regeneration by removing MB were demonstrated.     

石油污染土中微生物的分离鉴定及降解特性

为了为汽油污染土的微生物修复提供优良菌种,以LB培养基为基质,从石油污染土中对汽油降解菌进行了分离鉴定,以降油培养基为基质对分离得到的菌株进行汽油降解率的测定,以培养温度、培养基pH值及培养时间为参数对5种具有优良汽油降解性能的菌株进行单因素试验,基于单因素试验结果进行三因素三水平的正交试验后,以汽油降解率为响应值对试验结果进行响应面分析,筛选出具有优良降解性能的菌株,并确定了菌株降解汽油的最佳条件。结果表明:从石油污染土中分离出了9种具有汽油降解性能的菌株,其中,铜绿假单胞菌、假单胞菌属、苍白杆菌属、博得特氏菌属以及戈登氏菌属具有优良降解性能,这5种菌降解汽油的最优条件为:铜绿假单胞菌、假单胞菌属、苍白杆菌属、博得特氏菌以及戈登氏菌的最佳培养温度均为32℃,培养基pH值均为7.0,培养时间均为20h,降油培养基中的汽油降解率分别为70.12%、76.42%、75.66%、77.50%和73.22%。     

低强度曝气技术修复河道黑臭水体的可行性研究

以受污染河道的黑臭水体为研究对象,比较了三种曝气方式(低强度连续曝气、间歇曝气和高强度连续曝气)对水体的修复效果,分析了低强度曝气技术的可行性.结果表明,对于流量较小的缓速滞流河道,长期采用低强度曝气可达到降低污染负荷、消除水体黑臭的效果;以氨氪去除率达98%为控制指标,低强度曝气能耗仅为高强度连续曝气的6.25%和间歇曝气的17.24%,大大降低了曝气经济成本.