Integrated reliability or travel time and capacity or urban road network under ice and snowfall conditions

In order to evaluate and integrate travel time reliability and capacity reliability of a road network subjected to ice and snowfall conditions, the conceptions of travel time reliability and capacity reliability were defined under special conditions. The link travel time model (ice and snowfall based-bureau public road, ISB-BPR) and the path choice decision model (elastic demand user equilibrium, EDUE) were proposed. The integrated reliability was defined and the model was set up. Monte Carlo simulation was used to calculate the model and a numerical example was provided to demonstrate the application of the model and efficiency of the solution algorithm. The results show that the intensity of ice and snowfall, the traffic demand and supply, and the requirements for level of service (LOS) have great influence on the reliability of a road network. For example, the reliability drops from 65% to 5% when the traffic demand increases by 30%. The comprehensive performance index may be used for network planning, design and maintenance.     

城市交通弱势群体事故原因分析及事故烈度模型

以北京城市中心区为例,研究了城市交通弱势群体事故发生原因,结合交通弱势群体事故的特点及事故机理分析,提出了动态视线障碍的概念.依据交通弱势群体事故发生频率与严重程度,提出了事故烈度的概念和冲突烈度指标,通过数据分析,建立区域事故烈度与交通流量、车速之间的函数关系,以便更好地预测和评价交通弱势群体的交通安全形势状况.     

采用离散元法分析路面结构的疲劳特征

为了在考虑疲劳损伤和恢复性能的基础上,获取路面结构在重复荷载作用下的疲劳特征,采用离散元方法建立了路面结构模型,并分析了在正弦重复荷载作用下路面结构沥青层底部的受力特性.由于路面荷载的随机性,分别以荷载大小、荷载间歇时间、荷载作用次序为考察对象,分析其对路面结构沥青层底受力特征的影响.研究结果表明:随着周期荷载作用次数的增大,沥青层底部拉应力快速增大至某一基础值,并在此基础值附近呈周期性波动,拉应变则在以一定幅值波动的同时,呈现整体水平先急剧增大后缓慢增大的规律;延长荷载作用的间歇时间,虽然一定程度上增大了拉应力和拉应变的波动幅值,但却显著降低了沥青层底拉应力和拉应变的整体水平;不同的荷载作用次序在沥青层底引起的应力应变状态不同,从小至大序列的荷载对沥青层造成的损伤明显小于从大至小序列的荷载.     

沥青加铺水泥混凝土路面板角施荷受力分析

为研究沥青加铺水泥混凝土复合路面在板角作用荷载时的结构计算方法,采用弹性地基上的多层薄板理论,建立了有限尺寸多层复合路面的计算模型,通过假定地基反力函数和路面板挠曲位移函数,得出了板角作用荷载时有限尺寸分离式路面和结合式路面的求解方法.分析结果表明:若取距板角槡2a+1.5he位置的混凝土板表面应力为位移函数计算控制应力,则该应力与有限元分析的最大应力吻合较好(相差不到5%);而沥青面层应力前者小于后者,最大相差40%.位移函数计算与有限元分析结果的板角弯沉最大相差9%.合理假定地基反力函数和路面板位移挠曲函数可以得出分离式和结合式复合路面板角作用荷载时的最大弯沉及各结构层的控制应力.     

城市交通干线的协调优化控制模型

对城市干线上一批相邻的交通信号进行协调控制,可减少干线上车辆的延误和停车次数。通过对城市干线常态与过饱和状态下的交通流状况分析,建立了对干线实施线控系统相位差优化调节的数学模型。该模型反应了沿干线行驶车辆在干线各交叉口延误情况的内在机理,是一种减少干线车辆延误的有效方法,对改善城市交通拥挤状况,提高干线道路服务能力具有积极的现实意义。     

Bi-level programming model for reconstruction of urban branch road network

Considering the decision-making variables of the capacities of branch roads and the optimization targets of lowering the saturation of arterial roads and the reconstruction expense of branch roads, the bi-level programming model for reconstructing the branch roads was set up. The upper level model was for determining the enlarged capacities of the branch roads, and the lower level model was for calculating the flows of road sections via the user equilibrium traffic assignment method. The genetic algorithm for solving the bi-level model was designed to obtain the reconstruction capacities of the branch roads. The results show that by the bi-level model and its algorithm, the optimum scheme of urban branch roads reconstruction can be gained, which reduces the saturation of arterial roads apparently, and alleviates traffic congestion. In the data analysis the arterial saturation decreases from 1.100 to 0.996, which verifies the micro-circulation transportation’s function of urban branch road network. Foundation item: Project(2006CB705507) supported by the National Basic Research and Development Program of China; Project(20060533036) supported by the Specialized Research Foundation for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China     

微悬臂梁制作中的牺牲层释放工艺研究

探讨了微悬臂梁的制作中的牺牲层释放工艺,针对FPA结构中微悬臂梁的结构层和牺牲层材料的选择和制作方法,从释放机理的角度对磷硅玻璃腐蚀速率等释放关键技术作了研究,给出了相应的加工参数。     

城市主干路拥挤路段基于地点交通参数的行程速度估计

以提高基于地点交通参数估计主干路拥挤交通流平均行程速度的精度为目标,通过分析信号控制主干路的交通流特性及地点交通参数与平均行程速度之间的相关关系,以路段下游停车线前的截面平均速度为基础,提出了城市主干路拥挤交通流路段平均行程速度的3种估计模型,并采用仿真手段进行了对比分析。结果表明,所提出的全状态行程速度估计模型明显优于对比方法,所提出的两种分状态平均行程速度估计模型可以进一步改善全状态模型的估计效果,尤其是基于模比系数的分状态估计模型可显著提高拥挤条件下的行程速度估计精度。     

均布与线性荷载作用下的简支T梁翼缘的有效宽度

以辛弹性力学方法为基础,将简支宽翼缘T梁翼缘部分简化为平面应力板,推导了简支T梁在满跨均布荷载与线性荷载作用下翼缘部分的有效宽度的表达式。将均布荷载下翼缘有效宽度比求解结果与英国规范BS5400中的取值进行了比较,验证了本文闭合多项式形式的有效宽度表达式的正确性。用本文方法计算T梁翼缘有效宽度简洁有效,丰富了简支T梁桥有效宽度的理论分析并简化了计算。     

基于分形理论的沥青路面微观形貌特征描述与求解方法

从分形角度描述沥青路面在垂直方向上的微观形貌特征,并研究了路面构造深度的分形插值方法。利用遗传算法求取迭代函数系统中仿射变换的最佳垂直比例因子,计算分形维数。最后利用高精度激光测距仪获取4种不同沥青路面样块的高程数据,在此基础上分析分形维数与路面平均构造深度、算术平均偏差、均方根偏差的相关关系,并通过插值函数模拟路面构造深度变化的分形曲线。