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41.
Heinz Ludwig 《Desalination》2004,164(1):1-18
Ever since seawater desalination has been applied on an industrial scale, and particular in the countries of the Arabian Gulf, the application of desalination processes in dual-purpose facilities—water and power—as a hybrid configuration has been discussed in many feasibility investigations and also planning concepts. It is above all the combination of reverse osmosis with thermal processes that has found increasing interest with the aim of ensuring, as economically as possible, uniform water supplies under the specific, greatly varying load conditions in the Gulf countries. Such design concepts for hybrid configurations encompass straightforward structures with a low degree of coupling between membrane and thermal desalination processes, but range up to very complex configurations with strong interconnections on both the water side and thermally, as well as with several desalination processes connected in series or in parallel. Classical hybrid concepts in which the permeate from an RO desalination component is mixed with distillate from thermal desalination have already been implemented in Saudi Arabian dual-purpose plants, like Jeddah and Yanbu-Medina. Although hybrid systems of greater complexity have been addressed in many design studies and publications, up to now none has been brought to fruition. Coming into consideration asthe design basis for determining the capacity shares of the various desalination processes operated in a hybrid configuration are: arrangement of thermal cycle of the power plant component; water/power ratio of the dual-purpose seawater desalination and power plant; provision of undiminished water production of the desalination plant as electricity generation varies; provision of a specified drinking water quality with regard to composition and salt content; combination of all these aspects. Also gaining in importance are concerns of environmental pollution and sustainable development when selecting seawater desalination and power plant configurations, as well as their optimization when considering desalination and electricity generation as a whole. In the practical design of hybrid membrane and thermal systems, aspects come to light, though, that restrict linking of the two systems and joint utilization of facilities, as conceived in studies and conceptual design investigations. This applies both for common utilization of intakes and the use of heated up cooling water from thermal processes as a feed stream for the RO part of the desalination process. Additionally, requirements of drinking water composition, particularly chloride content, TDS and compliance with a specific residual content of boron, influence specifically the design of the membrane process part and its share in the total desalination capacity. Such practical aspects have greatly influenced the design and configuration of the Fujairah hybrid plant for which, from a total desalination capacity of 100 MIGD (454,600 m3/d), the share of 37.5 MIGD (170,500 m3/d) makes its seawater RO plant the biggest currently being constructed anywhere in the world. From the findings of the engineering of this plant and the idea that, by increasing interconnection between the two processes on the water side, it is possible to advance a hybrid configuration of this type with regard to cost optimization in the membrane installation, but also by joint utilization of the intake equipment, perspectives result for applied research efforts over the near and long terms, for example: long-term behavior of membranes at elevated temperatures; tendency for biofouling in membrane process with common utilization of cooling water and brine; influences of such interconnections on the overall availability of the facility. But also for the operation and maintenance organization of such large facilities, consequences can be foreseen for the future development of hybrid plants, particularly for operation management and organisation of the interplay of the different power plant and desalination systems, monitoring of SWRO membrane replacement and cleaning, as well as controlling water quality. 相似文献
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44.
用溶胶-凝胶法制备了硫化镉微晶掺杂玻璃和薄膜材料,使用了三种不同的方法引入所需的S^2-离子,通过X射线和透射电镜等实验手段,分析了微晶结构显微相,标定出晶体确为CdS,并测得微晶的尺寸。从室温吸收光谱上观察到吸收截止边随着CdO掺杂凝胶在150℃时通H2S气体时间的延长(1-8h)而移向长波方向,从而确定其为量子尺寸效应的实验依据。在Nd:YAG强激光光场的作用下,薄膜样品中观察到二次谐波信号, 相似文献
45.
为了合理判别软弱破碎围岩隧道的二衬施作时机,结合工程实践,通过洞室拱顶沉降和边墙变形收敛的现场监控量测,提出了利用围岩-初支系统变形实测数据判别软弱破碎围岩隧道二衬施作合理时机的考虑支护是否保守的五级速率比值法并研发了相应的软件,并通过工程实例进行了成功验证。研究表明:1研制的软件操作具有界面简洁、友好,以及操作简单易用的特点,具有测点围岩-初支系统位移和收敛的现场监测数据的录入、储存、修改和管理等功能,能方便地进行软弱破碎围岩隧道的二衬合理时机判别;2通过工程实例验证分析表明,提出的方法是可行的,与现行的二衬时机选择的方法本质上是相同的,但更加具有可操作性,研究成果可以为同类型隧道的二衬时机选择提供可资借鉴的方法。 相似文献
46.
Small-angle neutron scattering experiments in the range of q2 from 0.01 to 25 nm−2 have been carried out on branched epoxide resins based on bisphenol-A at the Institute Laue—Langevin (I.L.L) in Grenoble (q=(4π/λ) sin(θ/2)). Measurements were made with six samples in the range of MW from 1500 to 19 000 and four concentrations between 1.3 and 10% (w/w) in deuterated diglyme. The results are as follows: (i) The mean square radius of gyration follows a relationship S2z=4.69×10−4M1.20W (nm2). (ii) In all cases fairly large second virial coefficients A2 are obtained which, however, decrease strongly with molecular weight. Above MW=2500, the virial coefficient follows the relationship A2=1.6M−0.85W (mol cm3g−2). (ii) The reciprocal particle scattering factor as a function of q2 exhibits only a slight upturn and otherwise shows the behaviour of a randomly branched polycondensate. The slight upturn is discussed as being caused by the finite volume of the monomeric unit. Possible reasons for the high exponent in the S2z versus MW dependence are briefly discussed. 相似文献
47.
The process of grinding soybeans to a fine flour and extracting the flour with hexane was studied on a pilot plant scale.
The crude oil from the pilot plant study had 15 ppm phosphorus and was suitable for physical refining after a light acid pretreatment
and bleaching. The refined oil showed a Lovibond color of 1.4 yellow and 0.3 red. The pilot plant study also showed that grinding
of the soybeans and the separation of solid from miscella were the most difficult steps in solvent extraction with fine flour.
A laboratory study on separation of miscella from meal by aqueous ethanol reduced the hold-up volume, but it did not remove
all the miscella. A test with betacarotene showed that only the miscella outside the flour particles was displaced.
Aqueous ethanol solutions used as a second solvent extracted additional nontriglyceride materials (primarily phospholipids)
from the meal. Also, the free fatty acid content of the oil was increased with aqueous ethanol solution wash. The quality
of the extracted crude oil was lowered by using a second solvent, but it had the advantage of needing only one centrifugation
to separate miscella from meal. 相似文献
48.
唐翔 《上海电力学院学报》2010,(8)
合成了一种新型含呋喃共轭桥的有机二阶非线性光学生色团分子,用IR、1H-NMR和元素分析表征了其结构。热失重分析(TGA)结果表明,化合物的热分解温度为272℃。利用溶致变色法对材料的超极化率μβ值进行了测量,在1 064 nm激光波长下,材料的μgβ值达24 898×10-48esu。将材料作为客体掺杂于聚砜(PSU)中,用旋涂成膜法制成薄膜,对薄膜进行电晕极化后用二次谐波法(SHG)测量其二阶非线性光学系数d33,在激光基频波长为1 064 nm时,测得d33=70 pm/V。 相似文献
49.
通过对改进一次二阶矩可靠性分析方法进行研究,提出了一种基于标准贯入击数极限状态方程的地震液化可靠度评估方法,并用Matlab 7.0编制了相应的地震液化概率判别程序。用该可靠性分析方法对1976年河北唐山大地震的资料进行了液化概率分析,并与实测值和规范判别法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明:该方法具有可行性和精确性,为砂土液化势评估提供了一种有效的新方法。 相似文献
50.
石金娥 《信息工程大学学报》2010,11(3):373-377
研究了一类二阶边值问题反对称变号解的存在唯一性,利用上下解方法、单调迭代方法及解的延拓技巧研究一类非线性二阶边值问题,得到了该问题反对称变号解的存在唯一性定理,应用该定理说明了一个具体的二阶边值问题具有唯一反对称变号解。 相似文献