General rate equations and their applications for cyclic reaction networks: multi-cycle systems

The network reduction technique and the Bodenstein approximation of quasi-stationary behavior of reaction intermediates were systematically applied to derive general yield ratio and rate equations for multi-cycle reaction networks in homogeneous catalysis. Dual-cycle reaction networks connected by a linear pathway, multi-cycle networks stemming from the same intermediate, and single-cycle with arbitrary number of pathways between two intermediates were considered. The general yield ratio and rate equations derived in this study are applicable for most enzymatic reactions and for homogeneous catalytic reactions. Examples of homogeneous catalysis were used to illustrate the application of the general yield ratio and rate equations for network elucidation.     

A new method of characterization for stratified thermal energy stores

A new method for characterization of stratified thermal energy stores (TES) that integrates both the first law and the second law concerns is presented here. The first law concern is incorporated into a quantity called energy response factor and the second law concern into an entropy generation ratio. A product of these two quantities is at the heart of the TES efficiency definitions. This approach removes the overemphasis of the existing methods either on the first or the second law of thermodynamics which often biases the characterization results. The information about the evolution of the temperature field of the system in time is the prerequisite of the new method. It may be obtained from experiments or from suitable numerical simulations. The current method can be easily integrated into computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations and thus facilitate CFD-based design analysis. As an example of such CFD-integrated analysis, a large-scale hot water seasonal heat store is numerically studied to identify the effects of aspect ratio, containment shape, internal structures, and containment size on their efficiency. The results suggest the effectiveness of the new method in deriving useful design insights.     

Characterization of the flow behaviour of sausage emulsions with a simple tube viscometer

A specially designed tube viscometer was used to measure apparent viscosity during flow of Bologna type sausage emulsions moving through a pipe. Emulsions varied in fat content (from 21.8 to 44.3%) and in moisture/protein ratio (from 3.7 to 5.6), and the effects of added sodium chloride, sodium diphosphate, starch and blood plasma were investigated in a 36% fat, 3.7 moisture/protein emulsion.
The shear stresses determined as a function of shear rate were fitted by a power law. Yield stress of the emulsions was negligible relative to the applied stress. However, inspection of the flow profiles indicated that considerable slip of the sausage emulsion occurred at the pipe wall. Both emulsion flow and slip contribute to overall flow behaviour, so a kind of effective viscosity is determined. Intrinsic rheological properties and wall slip will both be affected by the composition of the sausage emulsion.     

天然糖甙类化合物^13C—NMR位移范围规律的计算机解析方法

本文从糖甙类化合物的数据特点出发,用较严格的数学推导总结出原则上适用于任何类型的~(13)C-NMR 图谱化学位移范围规律计算机自动解析的方法,并从多方面说明了该方法的研究及实现对实际的~(13)C-NMR 图谱解析工作的意义和重要作用。     

对角摄动下矩阵特征值摄动的估计

本文对于对角摄动利用相似变换给出了特征值的一种上界.该上界计算简单,使用方便, 并且保守性小.     

Speed–accuracy tradeoff in Fitts’ law tasks—on the equivalency of actual and nominal pointing precision

Pointing tasks in human–computer interaction obey certain speed–accuracy tradeoff rules. In general, the more accurate the task to be accomplished, the longer it takes and vice versa. Fitts’ law models the speed–accuracy tradeoff effect in pointing as imposed by the task parameters, through Fitts’ index of difficulty (I_d) based on the ratio of the nominal movement distance and the size of the target. Operating with different speed or accuracy biases, performers may utilize more or less area than the target specifies, introducing another subjective layer of speed–accuracy tradeoff relative to the task specification. A conventional approach to overcome the impact of the subjective layer of speed–accuracy tradeoff is to use the a posteriori “effective” pointing precision W_e in lieu of the nominal target width W. Such an approach has lacked a theoretical or empirical foundation. This study investigates the nature and the relationship of the two layers of speed–accuracy tradeoff by systematically controlling both I_d and the index of target utilization I_u in a set of four experiments. Their results show that the impacts of the two layers of speed–accuracy tradeoff are not fundamentally equivalent. The use of W_e could indeed compensate for the difference in target utilization, but not completely. More logical Fitts’ law parameter estimates can be obtained by the W_e adjustment, although its use also lowers the correlation between pointing time and the index of difficulty. The study also shows the complex interaction effect between I_d and I_u, suggesting that a simple and complete model accommodating both layers of speed–accuracy tradeoff may not exist.     

Seismic Physical Modeling Technology and Its Applications

1. Introduction Seismic physical modeling technology is an important method for the research on seismic exploration theory and methods. In seismic physical experiments, the earth, mantle or field site are scaled down to physical models according to the similarity principle, and then the seismic field and its variation are observed in the laboratory for the research work on the theories and methods of the earth structure, earthquake forecasting, energy and mineral resource exploration, and engi…     

集成电路的现状及其发展趋势

集成电路是信息社会经济发展的基石。通过对集成电路发展规律的分析,从集成电路的设计、制造、新产品研发和市场动态等方面,描述了集成电路的最新动态;探讨了集成电路的发展趋势;指出集成电路与其它学科、技术的结合,不断形成新的研究方向;新材料、新结构、新器件不断涌现,特征尺寸继续缩小,摩尔定律仍然起作用。     

"Learning myopia: An adaptive recency effect in category learning": Correction to Jones and Sieck (2003).

Reports an error in "Learning myopia: An adaptive recency effect in category learning" by Matt Jones and Winston R. Sieck (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2003[Jul], Vol 29[4], 626-640). On page 633, Table 2, the values in columns (T, P) and (P, T) in the dual condition row incorrectly read .10 and .90, respectively. The correct values are .90 and .10, respectively. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2003-06626-013.) Recency effects (REs) have been well established in memory and probability learning paradigms but have received little attention in category learning research. Extant categorization models predict REs to be unaffected by learning, whereas a functional interpretation of REs, suggested by results in other domains, predicts that people are able to learn sequential dependencies and incorporate this information into their responses. These contrasting predictions were tested in 2 experiments involving a classification task in which outcome sequences were autocorrelated. Experiment 1 showed that reliance on recent outcomes adapts to the structure of the task, in contrast to models' predictions. Experiment 2 provided constraints on how sequential information is learned and suggested possible extensions to current models to account for this learning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)