无黏性土层之间渗流接触冲刷机理试验研究

判别无黏性成层土产生接触冲刷的准则及确定产生接触冲刷的水力比降是研究渗流控制措施的必备要素,为工程界所关注。根据对试验资料的整理与分析,阐明了无黏性成层土产生接触冲刷的几何条件和水力条件,同时建立了产生接触冲刷的临界水力比降与两土层特征粒径的函数关系,可以用来判别无黏性双层土之间是否会产生接触冲刷。如果判明会产生接触冲刷,可进一步计算出产生接触冲刷的水力比降,这对土工建筑物的渗流控制具有指导意义。     

基于最小作用原理的积水土坡水分入渗路径及规律研究

基于最小作用原理,以时间为最小作用量,建立了二维Richards方程水分入渗路径的泛函,提出了积水条件下土坡水分入渗的变分解,并在此基础上利用Brooks-Corey模型计算了锋面以上土体的水力坡降并讨论了入渗曲线的形态,同时利用Hydrus 2D软件分析了第一类边界条件下土坡内含水量分布。结果表明:二维斜面入渗的变分解与一维水平入渗、垂直入渗变分解具有相同形式;入渗曲线表现为外凸形态;数值计算得到的入渗量与湿润锋深度呈线性关系,与变分解的分析结果一致;变分解求得的湿润锋深度、含水量分布用于分析边坡稳定等宏观工程问题是可行的。     

Effects of silica fume on the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils exposed to freeze and thaw

Both the landfill liner and cover systems are the most important parts on a waste disposal landfill site. These systems are generally constructed using compacted fine-grained soils. It is known that the strength and permeability are particularly affected by freezing and thawing cycles in the cold regions. The aim of this study is to reduce the effects of freezing and thawing cycles on the strength and permeability. To modify the fine-grained soils, silica fume generated during silicon metal production as very fine dust of silica from a blast furnace and historically considered a waste product has been used as a stabilizer. The natural fine-grained soils and soil–silica fume mixtures have been compacted at the optimum moisture content and subjected to the laboratory tests. The test results show that the stabilized fine-grained soil samples containing silica fume exhibit high resistance to the freezing and thawing effects as compared to natural fine-grained soil samples. The silica fume decreases the effects of freezing and thawing cycles on the unconfined compressive strength and permeability. We have concluded that silica fume can be successfully used to reduce the effects of freezing and thawing cycles on the strength and permeability in landfill liner and cover systems constructed from compacted fine-grained soils.     

砂土液化研究概述

在查阅大量资料的基础上，叙述了砂土的液化机理、影响因素以及液化的分析、判别方法及常用的地基处理方法，并指出液化土的加固处理是抗震工程的重要组成部分，应引起重视。     

灰土和土挤密桩在湿陷性黄土地基中的设计与应用

通过灰土和土挤密桩在湿陷性黄土地基的作用原理，结合工程实际情况，分析了灰土和土挤密桩复合地基的设计和检测情况，提出了土挤密桩成孔时施工方法及技术应用，阐述土挤密桩在处理厚度较大的湿，陷性黄土地基的优势。     

用废弃混凝土固化土体的试验研究

随着世界范围内城市化进程加快,大量旧建筑物被拆除,产生了大量的建筑垃圾,其中混凝土所占份额最大。处理废弃混凝土,不仅占用大量耕地,且会造成环境污染。现采用利用废弃混凝土固化土体的新方法,通过大量的试验说明该方法的可行性。     

对土层锚杆检测的探讨

主要介绍了土层锚杆的作用机理及检测参数，详细总结了土层锚杆拉拔检测的技术重点以及土层锚杆检测亟待解决的问题，通过加强土层锚杆检测理论研究，从而确保锚杆施工质量。     

大型沉井在软基上的制作技术

本文以福建大唐宁德电厂一期海水循环冷却系统工程为例，分析大型沉井在软弱土层中制作的难点及关键技术问题。     

Ultrasonic technique as tool for determining physical and mechanical properties of frozen soils

Ultrasonic velocities of compressional and shear waves in frozen sand, silty-sand and silt were measured at subfreezing temperature and the relationship between acoustic and physical-mechanical properties examined. Ultrasonic measurements revealed that the influence of temperature on ultrasonic velocities is due to the phase transition from water to ice. Different methods were proposed to determine the amount of unfrozen water in frozen soils. The unfrozen water content was measured directly by time domain reflectometry and compared to predicted values using different theoretical approaches. The prediction models showed good agreements with measured values at low temperatures. However, the shape of the curves obtained did not completely satisfying as the estimated unfrozen water fraction near 0 °C was significantly greater than the measured values. Finally, based on the elastic wave theory and measured acoustic velocities the elastic constants of the frozen soils were calculated. The changes in elastic constants were found to be related to the increase in ice content, ice stiffness by ice cementation and a decrease in unfrozen water content.     

Simplified method for determining cadmium concentrations in rice foliage and soil by using a biosensor kit with immunochromatography

BACKGROUND: The behavior of cadmium in ecosystems needs to be monitored because of the human toxicity of this heavy metal. The need recently arose for a simple and quick on‐site test for trace levels of Cd in food and environmental samples. In response, an immunochromatographic assay kit for detecting Cd was manufactured by Kansai Electric Power Co. of Japan. This kit uses the antigen–antibody complex reaction between the Cd–EDTA complex and an anti‐Cd–EDTA antibody and shows the results in terms of the degree of color developed on a test paper. We previously reported the successful use of this kit to determine Cd concentrations in brown rice. Here, we applied the kit to the determination of Cd concentrations in rice foliage and soil. RESULTS: Cadmium in rice foliage was not extracted successfully by the method used for brown rice. However, it was successfully extracted by 0.1 mol L^?1 HCl solution at a rice foliage:HCl ratio of 1:20, and coexisting metals were removed sufficiently by the column treatment. The Cd concentrations determined by immunochromatographic assay were well correlated with the values obtained by acid decomposition and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The 0.1 mol L^?1 HCl‐extractable Cd concentration in soil was also determined successfully with the kit. CONCLUSION: Approximate Cd concentrations in rice plants and 0.1 mol L^?1 HCl‐extractable Cd concentrations in soil can be monitored easily and quickly by this method at locations where facilities for acid digestion and precision analysis are not available. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry