Damage and permeability in tape-laid thermoplastic composite cryogenic tanks

This work presents a combined experimental and numerical approach to the design and analysis of tape-laid thermoplastic composite cryogenic tanks. A detailed material and defect characterisation of automated tape-laid CF/PEEK is undertaken using optical micrography and 3D X-ray CT (computed tomography) as well as cryogenic testing to investigate damage formation. Resulting material data is used as input for a novel XFEM (extended finite element method)–cohesive zone methodology which is used to predict intra- and inter-ply damage in an internally pressurised cryogenic tank. An optimised tank lay-up is presented and analysed using the numerical method to ensure resistance to microcrack formation and fuel leakage through the tank walls under operating loads.     

钢铁产品圆形拉伸试样加工刀具的改进

针对目前圆形拉伸试样车削操作繁琐、进给量小、切削力大、刀具消耗大及加工效率低等问题,不能满足钢厂钢铁产品快速检验、降低检验成本的要求,对原来的切削加工刀具进行了改进。将原来的75°偏刀改为60°尖刀,取消了原来的90°右偏刀,将宽刃修光刀改造为切断刀,将圆弧刀增加修光刃代替宽刃修光刀与圆弧刀。应用实践表明,改进后的刀具使用更方便,不仅能提高试样的加工质量和加工效率,还能减少加工消耗、降低检验成本。     

Mechanism of effects of warm prestressing (WPS) on apparent toughness of notched steel specimens Part II: Calculations and analyses

Based on the experimental results of Part I of present work, this paper describes results of FEM calculations and analyses in details which identified that the effect of tensile-warm pre-stressing (WPS) on improvement of the apparent toughness of notched specimens results from three factors i.e. the residual compressive stress, macroscopic blunting of the original notch, and prestrain-deactivating cleavage initiation. The effects of three factors are separated and is effective for each at various extents of prestressing specified with a prestress-ratio, P₀/P_gy, defining the prestressing load P₀ as a fraction of general yield load P_gy. For values of prestress-ratio lower than 1.0, the residual compressive stress acts as the main factor. Between 1.0 to 1.5 of prestress-ratio values, in addition to the residual compressive stress the macroscopic blunting plays increasing role. The effect of the prestrain-deactivating cleavage initiation presents at the prestress-ratio P₀/P_gy1.2. In the case of compressive-warm prestressing, the apparent toughness is deteriorated due to the residual tensile stress. The effects of complex cycles of WPS, with various steps of loading and unloading different in signs, are determined mainly by the loading step just before the fracturing step.     

基于涡流检测信号的金属曲面距离测量方法研究

为提高曲面试件的涡流测距精度,提出一种基于涡流信号差值的测距修正方法.该方法通过研究不锈钢平板试件与曲面试件涡流信号的不同,拟合计算出曲面涡流信号和平面涡流信号之间差值与曲面试件曲率的定量关系.利用这一函数关系,对不同曲率试件的测量结果进行补偿,可修正由于试件存在曲面造成的测量误差.通过实验进行可行性验证,对平板试件与...     

Correlation of fracture behavior in high pressure pipelines with axial flaws using constraint designed test specimens. Part II: 3-D effects on constraint

This study describes an extensive set of 3-D analyses conducted on conventional fracture specimens, including pin-loaded and clamped SE(T) specimens, and axially cracked pipes with varying crack configurations. The primary objective is to examine 3-D effects on the correlation of fracture behavior for the analyzed crack configurations using the J-Q methodology. An average measure of constraint over the crack front, as given by an average hydrostatic parameter, denoted Q_avg, is employed to replace the plane-strain measure of constraint, Q. Alternatively, a local measure of constraint evaluated at the mid-thickness region of the specimen, denoted Q_Z0, is also utilized. The analysis matrix considers 3-D numerical solutions for models of SE(T) fracture specimens with varying geometries (i.e., different crack depth to specimen width ratio, a/W, as well as different loading point distance, H) and test conditions (pin-loaded ends vs. clamped ends). The 3-D numerical models for the cracked pipes cover different crack depth to pipe wall thickness ratio, a/t, and a fixed crack depth to crack length ratio, a/c. The extensive 3-D numerical analyses presented here provide a representative set of solutions which provide further support for using constraint-designed SE(T) specimens in fracture assessments of pressurized pipes and cylindrical vessels.     

两种制样方法对氧含量测试结果的影响

通过对两种氧含量测试试样的制样方法及其氧含量测试结果进行对比、分析,总结出一种简便有效的制样方法———物理学法。实验表明,采用该制样方法制样时,能得到准确性、一致性较好的氧含量测试结果,且该制样方法简单高效,试样质量易于判断和控制。     

单因子老化中定子线棒等温松弛电流的研究

为研究电机定子线棒老化后的绝缘特性,制备了按实际线棒尺寸比例缩小的线棒试样,并对其进行了单独的热、电老化实验,后测量了不同老化程度线棒试样的等温松弛电流,并基于等温松弛理论研究分析了线棒绝缘内的陷阱分布变化。结果表明:线棒绝缘在冷热循环老化过程中存在"后固化"的现象,绝缘内陷阱密度先增加后减小;而在电老化过程中,试样绝缘内浅能级陷阱密度增加。根据不同极化过程对等温松弛电流的贡献,建立了定子线棒等温松弛电流的三阶指数衰减模型。研究表明,电机线棒老化的主要表现是环氧树脂和云母之间界面中缺陷的增加,而三指数衰减模型对等温松弛电流数据的拟合结果也足够准确。     

ATB柔性基层与半刚性基层的层间抗剪规律

以ATB-25沥青混合料与水泥稳定碎石成型复合试件,控制复合试件层间沥青和碎石用量,采用自主研发的剪切仪进行抗剪强度试验,分析影响层间抗剪强度的因素及变化规律。通过设置试验温度、碎石和沥青用量等参数,制定不同的试验方案进行试验。试验结果表明:对层间抗剪强度影响最大的因素是温度,从5 ℃上升到35 ℃时最大剪应力从1.36 MPa下降到0.16 MPa,其次是沥青用量;碎石用量影响最小,而且不同温度下沥青和碎石的最佳用量也不同。在实际工程中,在考虑沥青和碎石的用量时,应考虑工程所在的地区,高温地区沥青的用量应比低温地区稍低一些,同时严格控制碎石用量,提高层间联结质量,明确层间抗剪强度与层间联接各因素的规律。     

平面应变条件下含孔洞土样受内压作用的变形破坏过程

在不同加载速率下,利用自主研制的平面应变模型加载及观测系统对平面应变条件下含孔洞土样进行双轴压缩实验。垂压由试验机施加,土样受到的内压和侧压作用由气囊施加。在对土样施加内压和侧压后、进行位移控制加载前,操控数码相机对喷涂了散斑的土样表面图像进行拍摄,以记录土样在位移控制加载过程中的全部变形过程。利用数字图像相关方法获得土样的位移场,利用能较好滤掉位移场噪声的局部位移最小二乘拟合方法获得最大剪切应变的分布及演变规律。为了定量获得最大剪切应变且分析方便,根据清晰剪切带位置,布置曲折测线并在其两侧布置平直测线。研究发现：当加载速率较低且纵向应变达到一定值时,拉破坏导致土样的孔洞顶部和底部发展出高角度应变局部化带,而当加载速率较高时,未出现上述现象;当纵向应变较高时,在孔洞表面附近,随着向孔洞表面的逐渐靠近,大多数剪切带内测线上的最大剪切应变逐渐增加,而大多数带外测线上的最大剪切应变则逐渐下降;当纵向应变较高时,在离孔洞表面较远处,随着向孔洞表面的逐渐靠近,大多数剪切带内测线上的最大剪切应变逐渐增加,而大多数带外测线上的最大剪切应变则变化复杂。     

试论以单个标本建种的可靠性

本文从始祖鸟及(虫筳)类、轮藻等古生物门类的鉴定结果出发,以哲学中个性与共性的辩证关系为指导,探讨了现代生物学中居群概念的出现对古生物学建种的影响。作者以(虫筳)类Dunbarinella fivensis的12个建种标本为例,分析了其模式标本性状的变异范围,进而把以多个标本(样本)建种与以单个标本建种进行了各种可靠性对比。文章认为,对于古生物学中形态种的建立而言,用多个标本(样本)建种与用单个标本建种都分别具有它们各自的科学性与实际意义,但各自也都存在一定的不足之处,因而不能一概把用单个标本建种归入“物种不变论”的认识论而加以简单地否定,更不应该以“用多个标本建种总比用单个好”的常识概念来反对用单个标本建种。最后作者指出,建种的关键并不在于所据标本数目的多少,而在于如何科学地判断并正确地掌握所建新种具备的特殊而稳定的性状。