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121.
There is widespread application of indicators to the assessment of environmental condition of streams. These indicators are intended for use by managers in making various comparative and absolute assessments and often have a role in resource allocation and performance assessment. Therefore, the problem of formally defining confidence in the results is important but difficult because the sampling strategies used are commonly based on a compromise between the requirements of statistical rigour and the pragmatic issues of access and resources. It is rare to see this compromise explicitly considered and consequently there is seldom quantification of the uncertainty that could affect the confidence a manager has in an indicator. In this paper, we present a method for quantitatively assessing the tradeoffs between sampling density and uncertainty in meeting various monitoring objectives. Assessments using judgement‐based representative reaches are shown to be unreliable; instead a sampling approach is recommended based on the random selection of measuring sites. A detailed dataset was collected along two streams in Victoria, Australia, and the effect of sampling density was assessed by subsampling from this dataset with precision related to the number of sites assessed per reach length and the intensity of the sampling at each site. The sampling scheme to achieve a given precision is shown to depend on the monitoring objective. In particular, three objectives were considered: (1) making a baseline assessment of current condition; (2) change detection; and (3) detection of a critical threshold in condition. Change detection is shown to be more demanding than assessing baseline condition with additional sampling effort required to achieve the same precision. Sampling to detect a critical threshold depends on nominating acceptable values of Type I and II error and the size of the effect to be detected. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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123.
Emina Krcmar Ilan Vertinsky G. Cornelis van Kooten 《International Transactions in Operational Research》2003,10(5):483-498
To satisfy public demands for environmental values, forest companies are facing the prospect of a reduction in wood supply and increases in costs. Some Canadian provincial governments have proposed intensifying silviculture in special zones dedicated to timber production as the means for pushing out the forest possibility frontiers. In this paper, we compare the traditional two‐zone land allocation framework which includes ecological reserves and integrated forest management zones with the triad — a three‐zone scheme which adds a zone dedicated to intensive timber production. We compare the solutions of the mixed‐integer linear programs formulated under both land‐allocation frameworks. We explore through sensitivity analysis the conditions under which the triad regime can offset the impact on timber production from increased environmental demands. We show that under the realistic conditions characteristic to Coastal British Columbia, higher environmental demands may be satisfied under the triad regime without increasing the financial burdens on the industry or reducing its wood supply. This occurs, however, only if regulatory constraints in timber production zone are flexible. 相似文献
124.
介绍了侯运高速公路施工质量控制资料的编制和管理的现状 ,阐述了工程施工质量控制资料的特点和依据 ,指出只有提高资料编制人员的自身素质 ,才能搞好资料管理工作 相似文献
125.
陈恒庆 《冶金标准化与质量》2004,42(1):54-57
根据美国国家标准学会 (ANSI)理事会主席、ISO现任主席OliverR .Smoot在日本东京召开的国际标准化协议会上的讲演整理。 相似文献
126.
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128.
介绍了基于西门子楼宇自控系统的空调计费系统的软硬件设计和具体实现.该系统的特点是借助西门子S600系统强大的数据处理和控制能力,采用时间记录和能量测量相结合的方法进行计费,具有实时监测和定时输出报表功能.该系统计量准确、计费合理、安全可靠、性价比高,满足了现代物业管理的需要. 相似文献
129.
TCP/IP网络的动态模型描述 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
拥塞现象成为TCP/IP网络发展面临的一个重要问题。因此,拥塞控制对TCP/IP网络的鲁棒性和稳定性具有重要作用。目前,网络拥塞控制策略主要包括两类:端到端的控制机制,如TCP拥塞控制算法;网络内部的主动队列管理(AQM)策略。但由于缺乏对网络系统动态特性的了解,这些拥塞控制策略大都基于专家经验,并没有建立完整的理论分析框架。为此,本文从数据流的角度出发,通过建立网络基本单元状态方程模型来实现IP网络系统的数学解析模型,然后用混杂系统来描述TCP带有拥塞控制策略的数据传输过程,建立了TCP/IP网络的动态模型,为网络系统中动态性能的分析、拥塞控制策略的设计奠定了基础。实验结果表明,该数学模型与NS仿真实验的结果相一致。 相似文献
130.
Rudolf Habison 《International Journal of Project Management》1985,3(3):178-181
Meeting time and cost objectives in complex projects involves specific problems and risks. An attempt is made to analyse the components of total cost increase of a project caused by time delay. An outline is given as to how these considerations can be used to estimate cost increases in investors' decision situations as well as to ascertain fair contractual penalties and claims for compensation and for the evaluation of justified project acceleration costs. 相似文献