MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THROUGH-HOLE-PLATING IN ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROFABRICATION II. AXISYMMETRIC TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER

Axisymmetrical, two dimensional mass transfer in a tube and a through-hole was studied. The elliptic convective-diffusion equation was solved numerically by taking into account both the axial and radial diffusion in the entrance region of an infinite tube. The whole mass-transfer region in a tube of finite length was also studied by dividing the domain into several regions according to different mass-transfer mechanisms. A similar analysis is then conducted for a through-hole geometry by assuming a modified Hagen-Poiseuille fluid pattern. Results show that mass-transfer rate in a through-hole is larger than that in a tube by approximately 10%. This is due primarily to faster fluid flow within the concentration boundary layer in a through-hole.     

Protective properties of organic phosphate-pigmented coatings on phosphated steel substrates

Investigations have been carried out on properties of coatings, differing by their pigmentation and binder, and applied on different chemical pre-treatments of the steel surface. Paints based on alkyd and alkyd-melamine binders, pigmented with zinc phosphate and modified basic zinc phosphate were applied on amorphous and crystalline phosphated steel surface and, for the comparison purpose, on degreased steel surface. The effect of the binder, the pigment and the pre-treatment of the steel surface on the protective properties of the coatings were determined by measurements of adhesion, water absorption and water permeability and by results obtained in salt spray and Prohesion tests. Coatings based on alkyd binder show a lower damage degree and good retention of adhesion in corrosion conditions, in spite of a higher water absorption and water permeability and a lower initial adhesive strength. Protective properties of coatings have been found to be highly dependent upon the substrate pre-treatment. Chemical pre-treatment of the steel substrate increases the protective properties of the system, which is particularly evident in the case of crystalline phosphating and the coating pigmented with modified basic zinc phosphate. This phenomenon can be explained by the synergism between this phosphate pigment with crystalline phosphate layer.     

Inverse solution for a biochemical heat source in a porous medium in the presence of natural convection

The inverse problem approach by conjugate gradient with adjoint equations is adapted to the context of a non-isothermal bioprocess, controlled by internal heat generation from microbial oxidation, as could be found in a composting reactor for instance, to determine the heat source from internal temperature measurements. The volumetric heat source is assumed proportional to the rate of consumption of a substrate by a biomass, as described by a Monod model. Computations are performed for Rayleigh numbers equal to 0.25 and 25, for a representative biochemical reaction under typical boundary conditions, for constant and temperature-dependent model parameters. The influence of noisy input data is also considered. It is found that good solutions can be obtained when heat release and diffusion occur over very different time scales. The variation of the model parameters with temperature must be taken into account, but single sensor solutions are possible at relatively small Rayleigh numbers when convection is present.     

吸收过程的界面传质机理

以分子热力学为基础 ,对气体吸收过程进行了理论分析 ,导出了传质通量的数学表达式。根据该文分析 ,气液界面传质的源动力来自界面处气液两相的不平衡 ,即只要有传质发生 ,液相界面处的浓度就不会达到与气相呈平衡的浓度。对于气相阻力可以忽略的吸收过程 ,两相传质速率的大小主要取决于液相的溶质界面浓度和液膜厚度 ,影响溶质界面浓度和液膜厚度的主要因素是近界面液相侧的流场分布。利用近界面浓度与液膜厚度的激光测定结果 ,计算了甲醇、乙醇及正丙醇吸收CO2 气泡的传质通量 ,计算结果与实验值吻合良好     

红藻条斑紫菜R－藻红蛋白中的能量传递过程

本文通过对条斑紫菜Ｒ－ＰＥ（藻红蛋白）及其α－β－γ亚基的吸收光谱和荧光光谱进行计算机解叠，研究了Ｒ－ＰＥ内发色团之间的能量传递过程，并对Ｒ－ＰＥ及亚基内的各发色团进行了“ｓ”和“ｆ”型的指认。发现在亚基中为“ｆ”型的发色团在Ｒ－ｐＥ（αβ）＿６γ中起着“ｓ”型发色团的作用，且将能量传递给最后的“ｆ”型发色团。荧光激发偏振光谱进一步证明了Ｒ－ＰＥ内的能量转移过程与计算机解叠的结果一致。     

拟稳态法测定气相扩散系数

根据拟稳态一维扩散原理,建立了气相扩散系数的测定装置。在该装置上,测定了8个体系的气相扩散系数,其中CH_2Cl_2-空气,CH_2Cl_2-H_2,CH_3CH_2Br-空气,CH_3Cl_2Br-H_2,CHCl_3-H_2等5个体系的气相扩散系数实验值,迄今尚未见文献报道。实验结果表明,本测试装置稳定性好,实验误差小,实验装置体积小,测试过程较为简便。     

CONDENSING HEAT TRANSFER IN AN ADVANCED TWO-PHASE CLOSED THERMOSYPHON

1 INTRODUCTIONClosed thermosyphon has been developed to enhance heat transfer and recover wasteheat in various process industries [1,2].Stimulated by this success,a new type oftwo-phase closed thermosyphon was designed by inserting respectively two inner tubesinto the thermosyphon,one in the boiling section and the other in the condensing sec-tion.The two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficient was calculated successfully onthe basis of Chen's dual-mechanism [3].A boiling heat transfer model for thetwo-phase closed thermosyphon with an inner tube in the boiling section was pro-     

透明管内的喷射升膜蒸发

<正>在化工、食品和制药工业中经常遇到热敏性物料的浓缩问题。液膜式蒸发器属于一次通过式蒸发器,其停留时间足够短,可减压操作,适用于热敏性物料的浓缩。液膜式蒸发器分升膜、降膜和升降膜式,升膜和升降膜蒸发器的升膜部分的输送动力通常用料液泵。郭雪岩等为蒸发浓缩小处理量的热敏性物料而开发了一种新型蒸发器,其升膜的输送动力用蒸气喷射,尽管前人对绝热两相流和垂直管内的流动沸腾进行了大量的研究,对这种特殊的流动沸腾的研究仍是必要的。文献[2]对蒸气加热的恒壁温条件下的蒸气喷射升液的升膜蒸发进行了实验研究和理论分析。本文的喷射升膜蒸发实验研究是在透明的石英管内,在恒热通量下进行,在石英玻璃管外壁镀一层极薄的透明导电膜,这既可以电加热又不影响观察管内的流动现象。本研究包括对蒸气喷射升膜流动状态的观测和恒热通量条件下喷射蒸发传热的实验研究。     

利用DD混剂合成丙烯酸-3-氯-2-丙烯酯

为了综合利用DD混剂(1,3-二氯丙烯和1,2-二氯丙烷的混合物),以工业副产品DD混剂为主要原料,使1,3-二氯丙烯与丙烯酸、氢氧化钠反应,合成了丙烯酸-3-氯-2-丙烯酯并分离出1,2-二氯丙烷,并确定了适宜的工艺条件。     

KINETICS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF ETHANOL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

A 1.3 dm³ high-pressure vessel was used to extract ethanol from aqueous solution of 10 wt% using supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent. Experiments were carried out in a semibatch mode. A mathematical model based on the two-film theory was derived for estimating the over all mass transfer coefficient. The effects of operating variables, including pressure, CO₂ superficial velocity, and agitation rate, on the mass transfer coefficient were investigated. In general, the mass transfer coefficient increased with increasing pressure, CO₂ superficial velocity, and agitation rate. The concentration of ethanol recovered in the collector after 180 minutes reached 50 wt%, starting with a feed of 10 wt% ethanol.