An Analysis of Energy Consumption in an Adelaide Suburb with Different Retrofitting and Redevelopment Scenarios

Improving energy efficiency of the existing dwelling stock of towns and cities will increasingly be part of the effort to moderate fossil fuel energy consumption in the decades to come. At the same time, residential areas may be subject to densification to better utilise the existing urban infrastructure whilst accommodating a larger population. The analysis of energy consumption arising from these trends offers the potential for optimising built forms and assisting in development decisions for urban renewal to encourage lower energy outcomes. This article describes the application of a model which uses a life cycle approach to the analysis of energy consumption in a residential suburb. The results indicate that the inclusion of embodied energy expended during redevelopment can be substantial and should be considered when modelling future energy consumption scenarios.

     

城市沿街建筑改造中常见问题研究和探索

文章分析了城市道路沿街建筑改造过程中遇到的常见问题,提出了相关的解决策略及相应的技术措施,并试图总结出有关问题的设计原则与方法,为以后的改造设计项目提供一定的启示、借鉴和经验。这些至关重要的共性问题,在具体的改造项目中要因地制宜地提出合理的具体解决方案。     

在地质灾害勘察中钻探设备最佳更新期的确定

介绍了地质勘察企业中钻探设备的选型和磨损问题,探讨了设备的经济寿命及提前更新的经济原则,通过实际案例,从设备的静态模式与动态模式两个方面分析了如何确定设备的最佳更新期,对地质勘察企业具有重要意义.     

对武汉里分住宅自发改造问题的思考——基于上海村居住实态调查的分析

居民的自发改造对于里分传统风貌造成了不同程度的破坏,也给今后的更新工作带来了不利影响,但自发改造真实地反映了居民现实的生活需求,其中也不乏好的有借鉴价值的做法,基于此,该文以上海村为研究对象,通过上海村自发改造行为的实态调查,了解到促使居民自发改造的主要原因、改造的主要类型．以及居民对自发改造的评价与价值认识,基于调查的结果,确定今后里分更新的目标及科学合理的更新方法.     

城市更新中的建筑地域性思考--以汕头老城为例

本文在分析汕头老城建筑地域性要素构成体系的基础上,得出了建筑地域性最终表现为文化地域性的结论。提出了在以城市为主体的建筑研究中,应重视非物质性层面的建筑地域性内容,为评价、保护、改建传统建筑提供了有益参考。     

Uptake of energy efficiency interventions in English dwellings

Little detailed evidence has previously been available regarding the uptake rate or prevalence of energy efficiency interventions among specific household groups. This study uses the Home Energy Efficiency Database (HEED) to investigate both the combination of measures that have been installed, and in which dwellings, according to key neighbourhood socio-demographic variables, including income and tenure. Analysis of 2000–07 data indicates that approximately 40% (9.3 million) dwellings in England had approximately 23.7 million efficiency measures installed, with an average of 2.5 measures per dwelling. Building fabric-related measures were the most frequent (e.g. cavity wall insulation, loft insulation and glazing) with an average of 2.1 million installed each year. Dwellings with the highest number of fabric interventions (the top 20%) were more likely to be found in areas with low income, with more owner-occupied dwellings, experiencing lower winter temperatures, having a lower proportion of flats, and having a slightly higher proportion of older adults and children. Energy efficiency installations have tended to occur among specific types of households or parts of the building stock. These findings have implications for the design of future government programmes for targeting energy efficiency measures to specific household groups or dwelling types.     

Key factors determining the energy rating of existing English houses

In the UK, the Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) is used to rate the energy performance of existing dwellings whenever they are let or sold. This study investigates which of the inputs to SAP account for the most variance in energy rating across existing gas central heated houses in England. Data from the English Housing Survey (EHS) 2009 are used to generate a representative set of dwellings and variance-based global sensitivity analysis is then applied to assess each input's contribution to the variance in the calculated ratings. It is demonstrated that heating system efficiency, external wall U-value and dwelling geometry account for 75% of the variance of the energy rating of gas central heated houses in England. This suggests that improving heating system efficiencies and wall U-values of the worst performing dwellings will go a long way towards improving their energy rating and potentially reducing their energy consumption. It is also demonstrated that dwelling geometry has a much bigger influence on the calculated carbon emissions (accounting for 80% of the variance) than it does on the SAP energy rating (accounting for 30%), meaning that significant improvements in energy rating might not be accompanied by significant reductions in carbon emissions.     

Unequal access to energy efficiency in US multifamily rental housing: opportunities to improve

The energy efficiency of US multifamily rental housing is compared with other housing types. A real and growing energy efficiency gap is documented, particularly for lower income households. Findings are based on data from the 2005 and 2009 US Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS). Individual energy efficiency features related to HVAC (heating, ventilation and cooling) systems, appliances, and the building envelope are analysed along with weighted and unweighted total energy efficiency indices. Multifamily units occupied by low income renters had 4.1 fewer energy efficiency features in 2005 and 4.7 fewer in 2009 compared with other households. If the number of efficiency features was on par with other housing, the savings could be in the range of US$200–400 per year for most lower-income renters in multifamily buildings. There is an astonishing lack of information on how efficiency retrofits would affect property (real estate) metrics such as cash flow and value. Available evidence suggests that millions of US properties could be good retrofit investment opportunities. Better efficiency would allow renters to increase spending on food, healthcare and other essentials. This is not only an economic issue: it has implications for household health, social equity and environmental problems tied to energy consumption.     

A data framework for measuring the energy consumption of the non-domestic building stock

The transition to a low-carbon economy urgently demands better information on the drivers of energy consumption. UK government policy has prioritized energy efficiency in the built stock as a means of carbon reduction, but the sector is historically information poor, particularly the non-domestic building stock. This paper presents the results of a pilot study that investigated whether and how property and energy consumption data might be combined for non-domestic energy analysis. These data were combined in a ‘Non-Domestic Energy Efficiency Database’ to describe the location and physical attributes of each property and its energy consumption. The aim was to support the generation of a range of energy-efficiency statistics for the industrial, commercial and institutional sectors of the non-domestic building stock, and to provide robust evidence for national energy-efficiency and carbon-reduction policy development and monitoring. The work has brought together non-domestic energy data, property data and mapping in a ‘data framework’ for the first time. The results show what is possible when these data are integrated and the associated difficulties. A data framework offers the potential to inform energy-efficiency policy formation and to support its monitoring at a level of detail not previously possible.

Le passage à une économie bas carbone exige de toute urgence de meilleures informations sur les facteurs de consommation énergétique. La politique du gouvernement britannique a donné la priorité à l'efficacité énergétique du parc bâti en tant que moyen de réduction du carbone, mais ce secteur est historiquement pauvre en informations, s'agissant en particulier du parc bâti non résidentiel. Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude pilote qui a étudié si et comment les données relatives à l'immobilier et à la consommation énergétique pouvaient être combinées afin d'analyser la consommation d'énergie non résidentielle. Ces données ont été combinées en une « Base de Données de l'Efficacité Energétique Non Résidentielle », de façon à décrire l'emplacement et les attributs physiques de chaque bien immobilier et sa consommation d'énergie. Le but était d'appuyer la création d'un éventail de statistiques sur l'efficacité énergétique concernant les secteurs industriels, commerciaux et institutionnels du parc bâti non résidentiel, et de fournir des éléments probants solides pour le développement et le suivi d'une politique nationale d'efficacité énergétique et de réduction du carbone. Ces travaux ont rassemblé pour la première fois sous forme d'un « cadre de référence » des données sur l'énergie non résidentielle, des données sur l'immobilier et un mappage de ces données. Les résultats montrent ce qu'il est possible de faire lorsque ces données sont intégrées, ainsi que les difficultés qui s'y rapportent. Un cadre de référence offre la possibilité d'influer sur l'élaboration des politiques d'efficacité énergétique et d'en appuyer le suivi à un niveau de précision qui n'était pas possible auparavant.

Mots clés: parc bâti, consommation, données, base de données, statistiques énergétiques, énergie, politique fondée sur des données probantes, cadre de référence     

Resilience to increasing temperatures: residential building stock adaptation through codes and standards

The resilience of the current Spanish residential building stock to increased temperatures is modelled. Homogenized daily temperature data recorded at 50 Spanish meteorological stations for the periods 1950–1979 and 1981–2010 were used to investigate anticipated climate warming on the Spanish residential building stock by means of the degree-day method. Impacts on residential buildings were investigated for three different future time periods (2011–2040, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100) for three representative Spanish provincial capitals. Future climate change scenarios comprising two statistical downscaling methods, three general circulation models and two carbon emission scenarios were used to project local climate. Results show that 72% of current residential building stock in Spain is thermally unprotected. In addition, the energy demand for heating the building sector in Spain is expected to decrease by between 30% (Barcelona, B2 scenario) and 36% (Valencia, A2 scenario) by 2100, while the respective energy demand for cooling could increase by between 107% (Valencia, B2 scenario) and 296% (Madrid, A2 scenario) by 2100. To increase resilience to higher winter and summer temperatures, strategies for modifying the built environment are needed, particularly for the role of building codes and standards.

La résilience du parc bâti résidentiel espagnol actuel face à l'augmentation des températures est modélisée. Les données homogénéisées des température journalières enregistrées dans 50 stations météorologiques espagnoles pour les périodes 1950–1979 et 1981–2010 ont été utilisées pour étudier le réchauffement climatique prévu sur le parc bâti résidentiel espagnol en utilisant la méthode des degrés-jours. Les répercussions sur les immeubles résidentiels ont été étudiées pour trois périodes futures différentes (2011–2040, 2041–2070 et 2071–2100) et pour trois capitales provinciales espagnoles représentatives. Il a été utilisé des scénarios de changement climatique futur comprenant deux méthodes de réduction d'échelle statistique, trois modèles de circulation générale et deux scénarios d'émission de carbone pour prévoir le climat local. Les résultats montrent que 72 % du parc bâti résidentiel actuel de l'Espagne est dépourvu de protection thermique. Il est en outre prévu que la demande énergétique liée au chauffage dans le secteur du logement en Espagne diminue de 30 % (Barcelone, scénario B2) à 36 % (Valence, scénario A2) d'ici à 2100, tandis que la demande énergétique respective liée à la climatisation pourrait augmenter de 107 % (Valence, scénario B2) à 296 % (Madrid, scénario A2) d'ici à 2100. Afin d'augmenter la résilience face à des températures hivernales et estivales plus élevées, il est nécessaire de disposer de stratégies de modification du cadre bâti, concernant en particulier le rôle des codes et des normes du bâtiment.

Mots clés: stratégies d'adaptation, performances des bâtiments, réglementation du bâtiment, parc bâti, changement climatique, degrés-jours, surchauffe, confort thermique, vulnérabilité, Espagne