Freeze substitution of high-pressure frozen samples: the visibility of biological membranes is improved when the substitution medium contains water

Biological membranes are often poorly visible with the electron microscope after high‐pressure freezing and freeze‐substitution. The water content of the sample and of the substitution medium is one factor among others that strongly influences membrane visibility. In order to investigate this effect, high‐pressure frozen yeast cells, rat‐pancreas tissue and arthropod tissue were freeze‐substituted with and without adding water to the substitution medium. The visibility of the biological membranes was generally improved if the substitution medium contained 1–5% water. The effect was especially pronounced in yeast cells, where membrane visibility was poor after freeze‐substitution with water‐free medium but good after addition of 5% water to the substitution medium.     

基于合一替换推理的密码协议分析

提出了一种简单的，更适合于自动化操作的密码协议分析方法，通过进一步分析攻击者的计算能力，形成一个有效的自动推理系统。攻击者为应答挑战主体的消息。把该消息应答转化为利用推理系统进行合一替换。并分别给出了Needham-Schroede协议的推理说明。     

基于汉明码的文本可逆数字水印研究

提出了一种新颖的文本可逆数字水印算法。对载体文本进行预处理,将原始可替换同义词的编码值分组作为信息位进行汉明编码,将获得的监督码元比特流利用矩阵编码的方式通过插入空格嵌入到文本中。水印信息则分组利用同义词修改位置编码的方式选定同义词进行替换来实现嵌入。在提取时利用汉明码的译码原理与可替换同义词分组位置编码规则,提取出水印信息并对原始文本进行无损恢复,即实现了文本可逆数字水印。该算法不仅能有效恢复出原始文本,且具有良好的隐蔽性,增强了水印方案的实际应用能力。     

Systematic Review of Clinical and Pathophysiological Features of Genetic Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Caused by a Val-to-Ile Mutation at Codon 180 in the Prion Protein Gene

Genetic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (gCJD) is a subtype of genetic prion diseases (gPrDs) caused by the accumulation of mutated pathological prion proteins (PrP^Sc). gCJD has a phenotypic similarity with sporadic CJD (sCJD). In Japan, gCJD with a Val to Ile substitution at codon 180 (V180I-gCJD) is the most frequent gPrD, while the mutation is extremely rare in countries other than Japan and Korea. In this article, we aim to review previously elucidated clinical and biochemical features of V180I-gCJD, expecting to advance the understanding of this unique subtype in gCJD. Compared to classical sCJD, specific clinical features of V180I-gCJD include older age at onset, a relatively slow progression of dementia, and a lower positivity for developing myoclonus, cerebellar, pyramidal signs, and visual disturbance. Diffuse edematous ribboning hyperintensity of the cerebral cortex, without occipital lobes in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, is also specific. Laboratory data reveal the low positivity of PrP^Sc in the cerebrospinal fluid and periodic sharp wave complexes on an electroencephalogram. Most patients with V180I-gCJD have been reported to have no family history, probably due to the older age at onset, and clinical and biochemical features indicate the specific phenotype associated with the prion protein gene mutation.     

基于迁移学习的电能替代节能量在线估计方法

电能替代成为能源转型发展的重要趋势和关键路径,节能量的快速准确估计有利于电能替代项目的推广.为充分利用少量电能替代项目调试期数据快速估计节能量,提出了一种基于迁移学习的单位节能量在线估计方法.首先利用回归算法对大量基期样本展开训练,获得基期能耗模型;其次,利用基于迁移学习的回归算法对大量基期样本、少量调试期样本展开训练...     

油酸钠作捕收剂时变性淀粉对赤铁矿、石英可浮性的影响

以油酸钠为捕收剂,以木薯原淀粉、取代度为0.026和0.21的羧甲基淀粉、取代度为0.0065和0.055的磷酸酯淀粉作为抑制剂,考察了赤铁矿和石英的可浮性。重点研究了变性淀粉基团取代度对其抑制性能的影响。浮选试验结果表明,原淀粉与变性淀粉对赤铁矿的抑制作用规律一致,提高变性淀粉的取代度可增强其对赤铁矿的抑制能力;对于Ca~(2+)活化的石英,在较低的Ca~(2+)用量时,原淀粉和变性淀粉均没有明显的抑制作用,但是随着Ca~(2+)用量的增加,变性淀粉表现出一定的抑制作用、且取代度越高越显著。这种抑制作用与油酸钠、Ca~(2+)及变性淀粉三者的用量有关。Ca~(2+)以Ca(OH)+的形式吸附于石英表面,油酸钠或变性淀粉再与Ca(OH)+作用,如果油酸钠用量较大,全部Ca(OH)+优先与油酸钠作用,则石英被捕收;如果油酸钠用量相对较小,变性淀粉与剩余的Ca(OH)+作用,则对石英产生抑制作用。控制Ca~(2+)和油酸钠的用量在最佳范围,增加变性淀粉的取代度可提高其在赤铁矿脱硅反浮选中的抑制性能。     

含七氟异丙基的苯胺类化合物的合成

以连二亚硫酸钠为引发剂,在苯环上通过自由基亲电取代反应引入七氟异丙基,合成了一系列含七氟异丙基的苯胺类衍生物,研究了各种条件对反应的速度和收率的影响。最佳结果为:芳胺与七氟异丙基碘的物质的量比1:1.1～1.5,连二亚硫酸钠、碳酸氢钠与苯胺的物质的量分别为1.1～1.3,相转移催化剂四丁基溴化铵与苯胺的物质的量比在0.05～0.1,溶剂总用量使苯胺浓度在0.5～1.0mol/L;反应温度10～20℃;溶剂采用乙醚。取代基供电子性越强,反应时间越短,产率越高;氨基的对位优先反应,氨基的邻位较难发生反应;且七氟异丙基总是优先取代在芳环电子云密度较高的位置上。     

多溴噻蒽系列化合物的热力学性质的密度泛函理论

298.15 K和1.013 ×10⁵ Pa时,用Gaussian 98程序,在B3LYP/6-31G^*水平上计算了75个多溴噻蒽系列化合物(PBTAs),得到各分子的热力学性质。设计等键反应,计算了PBTAs系列化合物的标准生成热和标准生成自由能。同时研究了这些参数与溴原子的取代位置及取代数目之间的关系;结果表明：热能校正值、定容热容、熵、标准生成热、标准生成自由能与溴原子的取代位置及取代数目之间有很强的相关性。根据标准生成自由能的相对大小;从理论上求得异构体的相对稳定性顺序。     

一种基于纠错编码的可逆文本水印算法

针对现有可逆文本水印抗同义词替换攻击鲁棒性不强的缺点,提出一种基于纠错编码的可逆文本水印算法。利用纠错编码方法,对同义词库中同义词的位置进行编码生成同义词词码字,结合同义词替换技术完成水印的嵌入;在提取水印时,利用纠错码的检测纠错功能完成水印的提取,同时实现同义词替换后可还原的可逆文本水印功能。仿真实验表明,算法嵌入的水印具有良好的不可见性和较强的鲁棒性。     

Competing for consciousness: Prolonged mask exposure reduces object substitution masking.

In object substitution masking (OSM) a sparse, temporally trailing 4-dot mask impairs target identification, even though it has different contours from, and does not spatially overlap with the target. Here, we demonstrate a previously unknown characteristic of OSM: Observers show reduced masking at prolonged (e.g., 640 ms) relative to intermediate mask durations (e.g., 240 ms). We propose that with prolonged exposure, the mask's visual representation is consolidated, which allows processing of the lingering target icon to be reinitiated, thereby improving performance. Our findings suggest that when the visual system is confronted with 2 temporally contiguous stimuli, although one may initially gain access to consciousness above the other, the “losing” stimulus is not irreversibly lost to awareness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)