PALAEO‐EXPOSURE SURFACES IN THE APTIAN DARIYAN FORMATION,OFFSHORE SW IRAN: GEOCHEMISTRY AND RESERVOIR IMPLICATIONS

Palaeo‐exposure surfaces within and at the top of the carbonate‐dominated Aptian Dariyan Formation have been poorly studied in the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf. This paper presents an integrated sedimentological and geochemical study of the Dariyan Formation at four oil and gas fields located in the western, central and eastern parts of the Gulf. Facies stacking patterns in general indicate shallowing‐upwards trends toward the exposure surfaces, which are interpreted to correspond to unconformities. The Dariyan Formation in the study area is divided into upper and lower carbonate units by a deep‐water, high‐gamma shale‐marl interval. At fields in the western and central Gulf, significant diagenetic changes were recorded in the top of the upper carbonate unit, including meteoric dissolution and cementation, brecciation and paleosol formation. An exposure surface is also present at the top of the lower carbonate unit in all the fields in the study area, and is associated with meteoric dissolution and cementation of grain‐dominated facies. Age calibration of studied intervals was carried out using microfossil assemblages including benthic and planktonic foraminifera. Negative excursions of both δ¹⁸O (?10‰ VPDB) and δ¹³C (?0.66‰ VPDB) were recorded in weathered intervals located below the unconformity surfaces. A sequence stratigraphic framework for the Dariyan Formation was established by integrating sedimentological, palaeontological and geochemical data. The δ¹³C curve for the formation in the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf can be correlated with the reference curve for the northern Neotethys and used as a basis for regional stratigraphic correlation. Where the top‐Aptian unconformity is present, it has resulted in an enhancement of the reservoir characteristics of the underlying carbonate succession. Accordingly, the best reservoir zones in the Dariyan Formation occur in the upper parts of the lower and upper carbonate units which are bounded above by significant palaeo‐exposure surfaces.     

Mineral composition and organic geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation source rock from the Qingxi Sag, Jiuquan Basin, Northwest China

The Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation contains the major source rocks for the crude oils discovered in the Qingxi Sag and the South Uplift in the Jiuquan Basin, northwestern China. The Xiagou Formation source rock was formed in a closed, anoxic, reducing, alkaline lacustrine environment with a high salinity. Its high content of brittle minerals is favorable for the fracturing of reservoirs in source rock formations in the Qingxi Sag. The Xiagou Formation contains a great number of fair to excellent source rocks, and their organic matter (OM) came chiefly from plankton/algae and high plants as well as possibly bacterial organisms. The Xiagou Formation source rocks mainly contain Type II OM and some Type III and Type I OM, with good oil-generating potential. The source rock maturity is mainly in the early-mature and mature stages, and its R_o value corresponding to oil peak is about 0.8%, which is lower than classic oil peak Ro value of 1.0%; therefore, a great deal of hydrocarbon was generated before the classic oil peak R_o = 1.0%. Mature source rock in the Xiagou Formation tends to be distributed in the older members and at a greater depth. There is a better exploration potential of tight oil in the deep Qingxi Sag.     

测井资料在生油岩评价中的应用

介绍了生油岩的测井响应特征、有机质特点及生油岩定性、定量评价方法.依据生油岩在不同测井曲线上的响应特征,利用电阻率、声波时差、自然伽马能谱等测井信息,采用自然伽马能谱测井定性识别生油岩、声波-电阻率法定量计算生油岩参数、利用岩心分析的有机碳含量与铀、钍、钾的关系回归计算评价生油岩等不同的方法,以滋2井、林30井、莱64井生油岩的定性、定量测井评价为例,分析测井资料在生油岩评价中的应用,在对不同的计算方法的结果进行误差对比分析后,认为测井资料在生油岩评价方面的应用效果明显.     

低渗透油藏岩电实验方法改进及应用效果

低渗透岩心岩电实验周期长、受饱和度分布影响大.通过改变原有仪器的测量方式,实现了模拟地层条件下快速确定阿尔奇参数.实验采用2个电极供电,4个测量电极测量岩心电阻,注-停-注的驱替方式,同时测量4个相邻电极间的电阻,以此评价驱替过程中沿岩心轴向上的饱和度分布均匀程度和末端效应.没有考虑毛管力平衡,提高了实验速度.在大庆油田东部低渗透油层测井解释评价中,使用此方法得到的阿尔奇参数取得了比使用通用参数好的效果.     

储层岩石的应力敏感性评价方法

油气藏岩石同时受外应力（外压）和内应力（内压,孔隙压力）的共同作用。油气藏岩石对外应力的敏感程度。用外应力敏感指数进行评价;对内应力的敏感程度用内应力敏感指数进行评价。油气藏的外应力敏感指数远大于内应力敏感指数。由于油气藏生产过程中外应力不发生变化,内应力随开采过程而不断变化,因此,油气藏岩石的应力敏感程度应采用内应力敏感指数。岩石的外应力敏感指数仅受敏感常数的影响,岩石的内应力指数受敏感常数和孔隙度的共同影响。因加载过程存在塑性变形,应力敏感性评价应采用卸载曲线。     

下切谷的特征及油气地质意义

下切谷的形成是构造运动和海（或湖）平面共同作用的结果。下切谷具有典型的几何特征,因此它既可以作为低水位体系域时期沉积物运移的主要通道,又可以作为低水位体系域晚期碎屑沉积物堆积的主要场所。通常,下切谷内沉积物具有两种充填机制：当海（或湖）平面影响超过构造运动影响时,谷内沉积物堆积方式为“溯源堆积”,反之为“顺源堆积”。下切谷中极易形成四类隐蔽油气藏：透镜型岩性油气藏,侧向尖灭型岩性油气藏,地层超覆型岩性油气藏和断层-岩性复合型油气藏。因此,下切谷的研究具有非常重要的实际意义。     

川中-川南过渡带嘉二气藏成藏条件分析及有利区块评价

通过烃源条件、储盖组合、圈闭类型、天然气运聚特征和保存条件等方面的深入分析,发现川中-川南过渡带嘉二段气藏成藏条件优越,其中天然气的近源垂向运聚和理想的保存条件是嘉二段成藏的重要保障。同时,认识到有利的沉积相、建设性成岩作用、背斜构造、烃源断层和硬石膏岩层是该区嘉二段气藏成藏的主要控制因素,其综合作用使得该气藏成藏规律复杂。在此基础上,对研究区嘉二段气藏的有利成藏区块进行评价,认为该区嘉二段气藏的勘探开发潜力很大。     

疏松砂岩储层物性参数敏感性物理模拟实验

利用物理模拟技术制作了一组微弱胶结、非固结高孔隙度人造样本.疏松砂岩储层物性参数的敏感性实验结果表明,与致密砂岩相比,疏松砂岩的弹性波速度对孔隙度的依赖性较弱,胶结物的性质对疏松砂岩岩石物理特性有重要影响.在纯砂岩中加入粘土或少量的粒间胶结物,会使弹性波速发生明显的变化;胶结温度影响岩样抗压强度.温度过低,会使胶结程度不够,固结强度较低;温度过高,岩样将变得松散.     

CYLINDRICAL AND CONICAL FOLD GEOMETRIES IN THE CANTARELL STRUCTURE, SOUTHERN GULF OF MEXICO: IMPLICATIONS FOR HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION

The NW‐SE trending Cantarell structure in the Gulf of Campeche hosts the largest oilfield in Mexico. The oil occurs predominantly in latest Cretaceous – earliest Tertiary breccias with subsidiary reserves in Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian) and Lower Cretaceous oolitic and partially dolomitized limestones, dolomites and shaly limestones. Cantarell has been interpreted both as a fold‐and‐thrust zone and as a dextral transpressional structure. Analysis of structure contours at 100m intervals, on the tops of the Tertiary breccia and the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) dolomite, indicates that the structure is an upright cylindrical fold with gently plunging conical terminations; there is also a conical portion in the central part of the structure. The axes of the central, NW and SE cones are subvertical. This geometry indicates that the two fold terminations and the central cone are aprons rather than points, with the NW and central cone axes intersecting the cylindrical fold axis at the point where the geometry switches from conical to cylindrical. The apical angle (i.e. the angle between the fold and cone axes) varies as follows: (i) in the NW cone, it is ～70° in the breccia and ～76° in the Kimmeridgian dolomite; (ii) in the central cone, it is ～77° in the breccia and ～73° in the Kimmeridgian dolomite; and (iii) in the SE cone, it is ～64° in the breccia and ～57° in the Kimmeridgian dolomite. This indicates that whereas the fold opens with depth in the NW cone, it tightens with depth in the central and SE cones. Assuming a parallel fold geometry, these apical angles indicate an increase in volume in the NW cone (i.e. larger hydrocarbon reservoirs), compared to the central and SE cones. Theoretical considerations indicate that the curvature increases dramatically towards the point of the cone. In the case of the Cantarell structure, the apices of the cones are located at the conical‐cylindrical fold junctions, where the highest curvature may have resulted in a higher degree of fracturing. The coincidence of maximum curvature and the intersection of the conical and cylindrical fold axes in the fold culminations with porous and permeable reservoir rocks may have made these locations favourable for the accumulation of hydrocarbons.     

岩石弹性参数对渗流测试分析的影响

岩石的动、静弹性参数在地质勘探与油气开发等多种工程技术领域均有着重要的应用意义。采用岩石物性参数自动测试系统，进行了实验测试分析，得到了不同岩石的动、静弹性模量和动、静泊松比。分析结果表明：不同岩性的岩石动、静弹性参数关系并非线性关系，其中储层砂岩的动、静弹性模量关系为幂函数曲线，砂岩的动、静泊松比关系为二次函数曲线；使用上述函数，可以由岩石动弹性模量与动泊松比计算出储层岩石静弹性模量及静泊松比，再根据弹性模量与压缩系数的关系，可准确获得储层岩石的压缩系数，从而为油气渗流测试分析提供精确的基础资料。此外，根据砂岩气藏渗流气井实测压力恢复资料，进行了实例井的试井分析，得到了砂岩气藏渗流气井压力历史拟合曲线和双对数拟合曲线。研究表明：当岩石体积模量减小（即岩石压缩系数增大）引起综合压缩系数增大20%时，得到的岩石渗透率减小24.73%，井筒存储系数增大3.7%，表皮系数减小44.92%。因此，岩石弹性参数对渗流测试分析有着较大地影响。