超声波解冻对羊肉品质的影响

以20 ℃静水解冻组为对照,在相同水温条件下,研究不同超声波功率（120、180、240、300 W）对解冻 后羊肉品质的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,超声波解冻组解冻时间显著缩短,解冻后羊肉红度值（a*）和嫩度 显著提高,180 W超声波解冻处理组羊肉黄度值（b*）最高（P＜0.05）;随着超声波功率的增加,解冻后羊肉的 汁液损失率显著增大（P＜0.05）,pH值和亮度值（L*）显著降低（P＜0.05）;随着超声波功率的增加,解冻后羊 肉菌落总数显著降低（P＜0.05）,其中180、240 W超声波处理组显著低于120 W处理组（P＜0.05）。综合分析可 知,超声波解冻与静水解冻相比显著提高了羊肉的解冻速率和羊肉新鲜度,且对羊肉的脂肪酸组成和相对含量没有 显著影响,但超声波解冻后羊肉肉色偏暗,解冻汁液流失率偏高。240 W超声波解冻对羊肉品质的负面影响最小, 因此选择240 W作为羊肉最佳解冻功率。     

空气解冻温度对猪里脊肉品质的影响

以冷冻猪里脊肉为研究对象,在4、12、20、30 ℃温度条件下对其进行空气解冻,测定猪里脊肉解冻时 间、汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率、保水性、pH值、色泽、水分分布、质构和微观结构等特性变化。结果表明：猪里 脊肉汁液流失率与解冻时间呈非线性关系;12、20 ℃空气解冻对猪里脊肉的保水性影响较小;不同空气解冻温 度对猪里脊肉pH值、亮度值和红度值无显著影响;30 ℃空气解冻对猪里脊肉中不易流动水影响最小,稳定性 最好,其次为20、4、12 ℃;与对照组鲜肉相比,不同温度空气解冻处理组猪里脊肉蒸煮后硬度存在显著差异 （P＜0.05）;12 ℃空气解冻后猪里脊肉中肌纤维间空隙变大。不同空气解冻温度对猪里脊肉品质的影响存在 差异性。     

Effect of freezing/thawing conditions and long‐term frozen storage on the quality of mashed potatoes

The effects of freezing temperature (−80, −40 or −24 °C) and thawing mode (microwave or overnight at 4 °C) on quality parameters of mashed potatoes made from tubers (cv Kennebec) and from potato flakes were examined, as was the effect of long‐term frozen storage on the quality of mashed potatoes. Mashed potatoes were tested for texture profile analysis (TPA) and cone penetration, oscillatory and steady rheometry, colour, dry matter, Brix and sensory analyses. In natural mashed potatoes, TPA hardness and oscillatory parameters showed that processing resulted in a softer product than the fresh control. The parameters were lower in the samples thawed at 4 °C than in those thawed by microwave at all the freezing temperatures used, which may be ascribed to gelatinisation of the starch released from damaged cells. Differences from the freshly prepared product decreased when the samples were frozen at −80 °C and thawed by microwave. No difference was found in sensory acceptability between samples frozen at −80 and −40 °C, which probably reflects the panellists' mixed preferences for air‐thawed versus microwave‐thawed samples. Increasing the time in frozen storage led to a natural mash with a firmer texture, higher L*/b* value and Brix; nonetheless, panellists found the samples at 0, 3 and 12 months of frozen storage equally acceptable. In commercial mash, penetration and oscillatory parameters showed that processing made for a firmer product than the fresh control, probably owing to retrogradation of gelatinised starch. Thawing mode had a significant effect on parameters, which were lower in the samples thawed at 4 °C. The structure and quality of commercial mash was more detrimentally affected by freezing and, therefore, we would not recommend either freezing or frozen storage of this mashed potato in the used conditions. Natural mash made from Kennebec potatoes should be frozen quickly and thawed by microwave in the conditions described to obtain a product more similar to that freshly made. If the samples are frozen by air blasting at −40 °C, the product can withstand frozen storage for one year. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同解冻方式对秘鲁鱿鱼肌肉保水性和蛋白质氧化程度的影响

比较静水解冻、流水解冻、盐水解冻、空气解冻及冷藏解冻5种不同解冻方式及对秘鲁鱿鱼品质的影响。结果表明:流水解冻方式用时最短,其次是盐水解冻。5种不同解冻方式秘鲁鱿鱼的解冻损失率和蒸煮损失率差异极显著(P0.01),经冷藏解冻和盐水解冻后秘鲁鱿鱼的持水能力较高,而静水解冻和空气解冻对鱿鱼的保水性影响较大。低场核磁共振实验结果也证实,经冷藏解冻和盐水解冻后秘鲁鱿鱼的持水能力较高。样品解冻过程中,5种不同解冻方式鱿鱼在不同温度条件下其羰基含量、巯基含量和二聚酪氨酸含量差异极显著(P0.01)。综合蛋白质氧化指标,盐水解冻和冷藏解冻是最适宜的解冻方式。研究结果说明,解冻过程中肌肉保水性的下降和蛋白质氧化存在一定的关系。     

中国对虾超声辅助解冻的数值模拟及对蛋白变性的影响

为探究中国对虾超声辅助解冻过程中温度分布和解冻时间的变化规律以及对蛋白变性的影响,采用有限元分析软件COMSOL对超声辅助解冻非稳态过程进行模拟并验证,同时测定解冻后肌原纤维蛋白结构与肌肉热稳定性的变化,旨在建立中国对虾的超声辅助解冻模型,为其解冻工艺的确定提供参考。结果表明：超声辅助解冻时中国对虾中心温度模拟值和实验值的均方根误差（root mean square error,RMSE）为0.943 3 ℃,静水解冻处理组的RMSE为0.907 7 ℃,证明该模型能较好地模拟解冻过程;与静水解冻相比,超声辅助解冻的解冻时间缩短了35.9%,显著提高了解冻速率;解冻后肌球蛋白重链和肌动蛋白没有发生变化,分子质量为70～100 kDa蛋白片段发生一定程度的降解和交联;最大荧光吸收波长无显著变化,但荧光强度增加;超声辅助解冻后肌肉的热稳定性接近鲜样,而静水解冻后肌肉热稳定性变差。综上认为超声辅助解冻是一种高效且有利于保持冷冻中国对虾品质的解冻方法。     

Freshness Assessment of Thawed and Chilled Cod Fillets Packed in Modified Atmosphere Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy

Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectra was recorded of 105 samples of cod mince prepared from chill stored thawed cod fillets of varying quality in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Traditional chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory quality methods developed for assessing fresh fish products were determined on the same cod fillets. The purpose was to evaluate the potential of NIR spectroscopy for estimating (i) frozen storage temperature, (ii) frozen storage period and (iii) chill storage period of thawed-chilled MAP Barents Sea cod fillets. Furthermore, the potential for measuring of selected quality attributes as drip loss, water holding capacity and content of dimethylamine by NIR was evaluated. The results of the investigation were presented using multivariate modelling methods such as partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and discriminant partial least-squares regression (DPLSR). Systematic differences in the NIR measurements on minced cod fillets were primarily due to the chill storage duration (days at 2°C) on thawed-chilled MAP fillets. PLSR models based on wavelengths selected by a new Jack-knife method resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.90 between measured and predicted duration of chill storage period (days at 2°C). The root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) was 3.4 d at 2°C. NIR measurements provided promising results for evaluation of freshness for thawed-chilled MAP cod fillets completing the traditionally quality methods. However, it is necessary to study the effect of e.g. sample preparation, season, fishing ground and cod size together with more sophisticated pre-treatments of NIR spectra before the NIR method can be integrated as a method for evaluation of thawed-chilled MAP cod fillets.     

芦荟冰淇淋的研制

在冰淇淋中添加芦荟凝胶粉，使冰淇淋具有芦荟的保健和养颜特性，并能提高冰淇淋混合料液的粘度，冰淇淋的膨胀率和抗融性。     

解冻方式对三疣梭子蟹感官特征和理化指标的影响

目的比较流水解冻、静水解冻、室温空气解冻和低温空气解冻4种解冻方式对三疣梭子蟹品质的影响。方法以感官评分、质构、气味组成、解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、肌原纤维蛋白含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARS)值等为指标评定三疣梭子蟹解冻后的感官特征和理化性质。结果 4种解冻方式将冷冻梭子蟹完全解冻耗时依次为:低温空气解冻室温空气解冻静水解冻流水解冻;在感官品质方面,流水解冻的样品最佳,低温空气解冻会对样品气味和外观产生不利影响;在解冻损失率方面,流水方式的解冻损失率最高,低温空气解冻方式最低;在肌肉蛋白结构稳定性方面,4种解冻方式对应的肌原纤维蛋白含量无明显差异(P0.05),而流水解冻和低温空气解冻对应的蒸煮损失率相对较低;在脂质稳定性方面,室温空气解冻对应的TBARS值显著高于其他3种方式(P0.05)。结论从品质保持效果和经济效能考虑,静水解冻适宜作为三疣梭子蟹的解冻方式。     

微绿球藻油脂提取方法的优化

为了提高微藻油脂的提取率,以微绿球藻藻粉为原料,比较了不同提取剂、破壁方法、提取时间以及提取温度等因素对微藻油脂提取率的影响。单因素实验结果表明:所用提取剂中工业酒精的提取率最高;破壁方法中反复冻融破壁提取率最高,超声波次之;提取率随着提取时间的延长而增大,当提取时间大于2 h后,提取率无明显差异;提取率随着提取温度的升高而增大,当提取温度大于55℃后,提取率增大的幅度减小。正交实验优化的微藻油脂提取最佳工艺条件为:以工业酒精为提取剂,反复冻融法破壁,在65℃水浴中提取2 h,可获得较高的提取率,提取率为34.62%。     

解冻方式和条件对南极磷虾品质的影响

以感官检验、出肉率和可溶性蛋白质含量为指标,分析自然解冻、微波解冻、静水解冻和流水解冻方式对南极磷虾品质的影响,并对静水结合流水的解冻方式进行探讨和优化。结果表明,自然解冻和静水解冻方式很难保证南极磷虾品质,微波解冻和流水解冻对南极磷虾品质较好,但各自仍存在缺点。采用静水结合搅拌解冻方式的L9(34)正交试验,确定南极磷虾解冻最佳工艺为静水温度为15℃,浸泡时间为7 min,搅拌速度为40 r/min。在此条件下南极磷虾感官评分为9.4,出肉率为40.5%,可溶性蛋白质含量为96.8 mg/10 g,解冻时间共为14 min。