A new method of characterization for stratified thermal energy stores

A new method for characterization of stratified thermal energy stores (TES) that integrates both the first law and the second law concerns is presented here. The first law concern is incorporated into a quantity called energy response factor and the second law concern into an entropy generation ratio. A product of these two quantities is at the heart of the TES efficiency definitions. This approach removes the overemphasis of the existing methods either on the first or the second law of thermodynamics which often biases the characterization results. The information about the evolution of the temperature field of the system in time is the prerequisite of the new method. It may be obtained from experiments or from suitable numerical simulations. The current method can be easily integrated into computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations and thus facilitate CFD-based design analysis. As an example of such CFD-integrated analysis, a large-scale hot water seasonal heat store is numerically studied to identify the effects of aspect ratio, containment shape, internal structures, and containment size on their efficiency. The results suggest the effectiveness of the new method in deriving useful design insights.     

D_2EHDTPA萃取铟的热力学研究

报道了用二 (2 乙基己基 )二硫代磷酸为萃取剂 ,以正庚烷为稀释剂萃取铟的热力学研究。在In2 (SO4 ) 3+Na2 SO4 +D2 EHDTPA +n C7H1 6 +H2 O体系中 ,在温度 2 78.15～ 3 0 3 .15K和离子强度 0 .1～ 2 .0mol·kg- 1 范围内 ,以Na2 SO4 为支持电解质 ,测定了萃取平衡水相中In3+浓度和pH值。计算了萃取反应的标准平衡常数K0 ,并得到经验公式logK0 =43 .93 -5 3 68.5 4 T -0 .0 699T ,同时计算了萃取反应的其他热力学量 ,并指出了焓和熵都是此萃取过程的推动力     

碱-碳酸盐反应热力学讨论

应用热力学方法探讨了温度对碱 碳酸盐反应的影响 ,反应温度升高时 ,反应的推动力减弱。对碱与碳酸盐发生反应生成沉淀时所需碱的浓度以及温度的影响进行了讨论。 2 98K ,pH≥ 10 .6时 ,碱 碳酸盐反应能发生 ,反应温度升高 ,碱 碳酸盐反应所需碱的浓度相应增大。对氢氧化锂与碳酸盐反应可能生成碳酸锂沉淀时溶液的碱的浓度作了计算 ,2 98K ,pH≥ 13.1时 ,氢氧化锂与碳酸盐反应除生成水镁石和方解石外还能生成碳酸锂沉淀 ,反应温度升高时 ,反应生成碳酸锂沉淀所需碱的浓度变化不大     

In-situ fabrication of particulate reinforced aluminum matrix composites under high-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field

Pulsed magnetic field is generated when imposing pulse signal on high-frequency magnetic field. Distribution of the inner magnetic intensity in induction coils tends to be uniform. Furthermore oscillation and disturbance phenomena appear in the melt. In-situ Al2O3 and Al3Zr particulate reinforced aluminum matrix composites have been synthesized by direct melt reaction using Al-Zr(CO3)2 components under a foreign field. The size of reinforced particulates is 2-3 μm. They are well distributed in the matrix. Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis show that high-frequency pulsed magnetic field accelerates heat and mass transfer processes and improves the kinetic condition of in-situ fabrication.     

金属硅的氧化精炼

冶金硅是生产有机硅和电子用硅的重要原材料 ,需精炼处理以降低其中的杂质。氧化法是比较有效的精炼除杂法 ,利用该法时选择具有合适密度、粘度、液相线温度和界面张力的炉渣是保证精炼反应顺利进行的关键。以钠钙硅酸盐玻璃为氧化剂对冶金硅的脱铝和脱钙进行了试验。结果表明冶金硅中的杂质铝钙去除率最高可达 93.1%和 96 .4%,铝和钙的含量最低降至 0 .0 7%和 0 .0 2 5 %,达到了很好的精炼效果。     

THERMODYNAMICS OF BAINITIC TRANSFORMATION IN Cu-24 at.-% Al ALLOY

Two driving forces △G~((β_1)+α')and △G~(β_1→β_2+α)for the bainitic transformation have been calcu-lated for Cu-24 at.-% Al alloy.Results reveal △G~(β_1→α')>0 within the transformation tem-perature range 600—750 K.Therefore,the bainitic transformation cannot be initiated by theβ_1→α' shearing mechanism.On the other hand,the driving force △G~(β_1→β_2+α)to produce 5% ofthe α becomes negative only when the composition of the α satisfiesx_(Al)~α≤0.204 at 700 K or x_(Al)~α=0.209 at 750 K.So the bainitic transformation can only proceedby β_1→β_2+α diffusional reaction with different diffusion amount at different temperatures.     

不可逆量子斯特林热泵循环性能分析与优化

建立了以一维无限深势阱中极端相对论粒子为工质的不可逆量子斯特林热泵循环模型。考虑高低温热源之间的热漏,导出了循环的性能系数与无量纲泵热率的表达式。分析了循环性能与各性能参数之间的关系。研究发现,热泵的性能系数与无量纲泵热率都随粒子在状态1进处于激收态上的占有几度单调递减,性能系数与无量纲泵热率都是势阱宽度比的凸单调函数。无量纲泵热率关于性能系数的关系曲线为回原点的扭叶型,并确定了该不可逆量子斯特林热泵的最优运行区间。     

The laws of silicon ingot formation by combustion reaction

The formation of a phase pure silicon ingot from SiO₂+Al+KClO₃ and Na₂SiO₃+Al+KClO₃ systems was investigated thermodynamically and experimentally under combustion mode, known also as self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). The regularities of combustion and phase formation versus KClO₃ concentration by a thermocouple technique were obtained. The morphology, chemical and phase composition of the silicon ingot were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ICP-analysis. The method reported here proved effective in producing silicon ingots with a purity of 98%.     

PdY8．5Ru0．19合金吸放氢氘特性

在25℃～100℃的温度范围内,测定了PdY8.5Ru0.19合金吸放氢、氘的P-C-T曲线.与纯钯相比,合金的P-C-T曲线坪区变窄,坪压降低,有显著的同位素效应,但迟滞效应较小.合金吸放氢氘的P-C-T曲线可拟合成p=A(er/B-1)形式.吸氘热焓为-13.9 kJ/mol·D2,熵变为-9.4 J/mol K·D2.进行了25℃下合金吸氢、氘速率的测量,合金吸氢、氘速率常数分别为KH=2.39×10-4 mol·s-1,KD=1.16×10-4 mol·s-1.而且合金的氢化过程用渐进转化模型描述.     

渣金两相氧化锰还原的不可逆过程热力学研究

将仅能描述近平衡体系发生物理化学变化时物理量间的线性关系式——线性不可逆过程热力学扩展到远离平衡体系,建立了有界面存在的远离平衡的化学反应体系的不可逆过程热力学方程,并将其应用于渣-金间的氧化锰还原反应,得到的氧化锰还原的不可逆过程热力学的动力学方程与实验数据能很好地吻合,这表明不可逆过程热力学可以应用于远离平衡的体系。