A Constitutive Equation of Thermoelasticity for Solid Materials

A new constitutive equation of thermoelasticity for crystals is presented based on the interatomic potential and solid mechanics at finite temperature. Using the new constitutive equation, the calculations for crystal copper and graphene are carried out under different loading paths at different temperatures. The calculated results are in good agreement with those of the previous thermoelasticity constitutive equation based on quantum mechanics, which clearly indicates that our new constitutive equation of thermoelasticity is correct. A lot of comparisons also show that the present theory is more concise and efficient than the previous thermal stress theory in the practical application.     

Chest X-ray enhancement to interpret pneumonia malformation based on fuzzy soft set and Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence

Image enhancement algorithms are commonly used to increase the contrast and visual quality of low-dose x-ray images. This paper proposes an automated enhancement method using soft fuzzy sets with a new decision-making scheme based on Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence for the visual interpretation of pneumonia malformation in low-dose x-ray images, called as XEFSDS. The XEFSDS model first generates an original source x-ray image into a complementary image, then each original and complement image is applied to the characterized image object and background areas of fuzzy space. The S-function is utilized to define fuzzy soft sets for the classification of gray level ambiguity in both images, and hence a decision criterion via Dempster-Shafer approach and fuzzy interval has been adapted to discriminate uncertainties on the pixel intensity and the spatial information. Modified membership grade operations have been performed on each object/background area, and Werner’s AND/OR operator (an aggregation operator) has been utilized to build a new membership function from two modified membership functions. Finally, an enhanced image is obtained from the new membership function via defuzzification. Experiments on different pneumonia X-ray images demonstrate that the XEFSDS scheme produces better results than the existing methods. To show the advantages of the XEFSDS scheme, we have executed a segmentation based examination on enhanced image for the detection of pneumonia malformation as well as abnormal lobe (lobar pneumonia) or bronchopneumonia.     

Mechanism of methanol decomposition on the Pd/WC(0001) surface unveiled by first-principles calculations

In this study, the decomposition of methanol into the CO and H species on the Pd/tungsten carbide (WC)(0001) surface is systematically investigated using periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The possible reaction pathways and intermediates are determined. The results reveal that saturated molecules, i.e., methanol and formaldehyde, adsorb weakly on the Pd/ WC(0001) surface. Both CO and H prefer three-fold sites, with adsorption energies of −1.51 and −2.67 eV, respectively. On the other hand, CH₃O stably binds at three-fold and bridge sites, with an adsorption energy of −2.58 eV. However, most of the other intermediates tend to adsorb to the surface with the carbon and oxygen atoms in their sp³ and hydroxyl-like configurations, respectively. Hence, the C atom of CH₂OH preferentially attaches to the top sites, CHOH and CH₂O adsorb at the bridge sites, while COH and CHO occupy the three-fold sites. The DFT calculations indicate that the rupture of the initial C–H bond promotes the decomposition of CH₃OH and CH₂OH, whereas in the case of CHOH, O–H bond scission is favored over the C–H bond rupture. Thus, the most probable methanol decomposition pathway on the Pd/WC(0001) surface is CH₃OH → CH₂OH → trans-CHOH → CHO → CO. The present study demonstrates that the synergistic effect of WC (as carrier) and Pd (as catalyst) alters the CH₃OH decomposition pathway and reduces the noble metal utilization.     

A model for semiconductor quantum dot molecule based on the current spin density functional theory

Based on the current spin density functional theory, a theoretical model of three vertically aligned semiconductor quantum dots is proposed and numerically studied. This quantum dot molecule (QDM) model is treated with realistic hard-wall confinement potential and external magnetic field in three-dimensional setting. Using the effective-mass approximation with band nonparabolicity, the many-body Hamiltonian results in a cubic eigenvalue problem from a finite difference discretization. A self-consistent algorithm for solving the Schrödinger-Poisson system by using the Jacobi-Davidson method and GMRES is given to illustrate the Kohn-Sham orbitals and energies of six electrons in the molecule with some magnetic fields. It is shown that the six electrons residing in the central dot at zero magnetic field can be changed to such that each dot contains two electrons with some feasible magnetic field. The Förster-Dexter resonant energy transfer may therefore be generated by two individual QDMs. This may motivate a new paradigm of Fermionic qubits for quantum computing in solid-state systems.     

Deformation-Strength Relationships in Short-Term Tension of Heat-Resistant Materials

The analysis of 124 curves obtained in short-term tensile tests demonstrate that they can be described by varying strain hardening and softening characteristics. Different stress–strain curves can be produced at invariable yield strength and ultimate strength and interrelated proportional variations of the above characteristics. To determine some specific stress–strain curve, it is necessary to take account of yield strength and ultimate strength as well as strain corresponding to the latter. The relations between yield strength, ultimate strength and hardening and their practically complete absence between these parameters and softening were statistically established.     

架起试井理论和应用间的桥梁

分析指出试井理论和应用之间存在的问题，提出构架试井理论和应用之间桥梁的基础，明确构架桥梁的方法和手段。根据目前国内外试井理论和应用的发展状况，指出试井理论和试井分析方法应用的发展趋势。     

储层泥浆侵入深度预测方法研究

泥浆侵入半径的确定尚缺乏严格的验证标准.以油水两相渗流理论和离子扩散方程为基础,结合储集层特点,研究了不同储层参数下泥浆滤液对地层的侵入特性.数值模拟侵入时间选取10 d和20 d.数值模拟结果表明,侵入半径在渗透率不变的情况下随孔隙度的增大而减小,在孔隙度不变的情况下随渗透率的增大而增大;当渗透率和孔隙度都发生变化时,泥浆侵入半径一般随孔隙度的增加呈幂函数增加.依据这种关系对测井资料约束处理,得到的泥浆侵入半径较客观地反映了地层的真实情况.     

高分辨率阵列感应测井仪在河南油田的应用

文章介绍了美国Baker-Atlas公司研制生产的高分辨率阵列感应成像测井仪（HDIL）,简述了该仪器的工作原理和技术性能指标及主要应用范围,并介绍了高分辨率阵列感应测井（HDIL）资料在河南南阳油田的具体应用实例.     

灰色预测模型在油气操作成本预测中的应用

油气操作成本是油气田生产消耗的主要项目，为了有效地控制油气操作成本，必须制定准确的油气操作成本计划。而油气操作成本在我国是最近几年才提出来的，数据项比较少，给油气操作成本预测带来一定的难度。为此，文章根据灰色预测的基本原理，采用灰色系统理论进行油气操作成本预测，就可以弥补对预测所需的数据少，而且也无须剔除不可比因素，只要所建模型能满足精度要求，预测结果就可以信赖。     

天然气井作业屏蔽暂堵技术的研究与应用

在天然气井进行井下作业前，将暂堵剂挤入生产层位附近，以暂时封堵生产层，使地层压力不被释放，井筒内的压井液不污染地层，待施工作业结束后，及时进行解堵，确保天然气井不受伤害或少伤害，从而恢复天然气井的生产能力。针对天然气井大修作业时，经常补充压井液，由于作业时间长，大量压井液进入地层，造成严重污染，导致天然气井恢复生产困难的问题，研制出一种新型气井作业的屏蔽暂堵剂，具有污染小，易解堵等特点，有效解决了大修污染问题，现场应用取得良好效果。