《华盛顿宪章》的终结与新生——《关于历史城市、城镇和城区的维护与管理的瓦莱塔原则》解读

《瓦莱塔原则》是目前关于历史城镇与城区保护的最新、最重要的国际宪章,它在《华盛顿宪章》、《内罗毕建议》等一系列文件的基础上,针对现阶段历史城镇与城区保护面临的新问题、新风险,对历史城镇与城区保护的主要概念给出了清晰的定义,详尽分析了影响历史城镇的社会、经济、文化的各方面变化,明确提出了对历史城镇进行维护和管理应遵循的原则与标准,以及关于实践的方法、建议和策略。与原有文件相比,《瓦莱塔原则》强调对干预历史城镇的行为活动的控制、强调场所精神的建立、强调文化认同的保持,重视变化以及变化带来的可能性、重视历史城镇的非物质价值的保护、提倡将历史城镇作为城市生态系统的有机部分实现可持续的整体保护与和谐发展。     

过往构成现实:四个山区城镇的城市形态

美国包含有两大山脉:分别是东部的阿帕拉契山脉和西部的科迪勒拉山系的大落基山脉部分。与矿物或者煤炭开采相关的小型城镇曾经遍布于每一条山脉的不同区域之中。由于世界对于铜矿和煤炭需求量显著降低,居民离开了这些城镇,其经济活力也逐渐崩溃。被遗留下来的是一些美国最独特的城镇形式,其巧妙适应地形和交通网络的方式值得详细研究。     

Relationships between politics,cities and architecture based on the examples of two Hungarian New Towns

During the state socialist era, a small number of New Towns were also built in Hungary. Few of these were true ’green-field’ projects, as most of them were developed into larger towns from one or more smaller settlements. Nevertheless, we can still call them New Towns, since they were turned into cities of national importance in a short time through a conceptual construction process. They provide many lessons to be learned. The heyday of their construction lasted a few years beginning from the early 50s, the period when Hungary underwent significant changes in political and social values which noticeably left their mark on our built environment. According to the contemporary press, the building of these towns was also a kind of experiment. Today this is well-known. Also, it is clear that these towns should be much more flexible in order to adapt to the many changes of the past 65 years. The following paper analyses the first two Hungarian socialist New Towns to be constructed. It describes the political context, the political and economic reasons behind the construction of industrial New Towns, and their impact on the planning process, structure and architecture of these settlements. Regarding the questions of how a municipality can deal with this kind of historic heritage today and whether it can replace its lost identity with new elements in a very different social political situation, it highlights the role of reinterpretations of central public areas in (mental and physical) urban renewal.     

历史文化村镇保护的公共政策初探

目前历史文化村镇保护还处于由专家学者呼吁并提供技术支持,政府主导而民众参与有限的被动保护阶段,切实有效的公共政策成为实现村镇历史文化遗产保护目标的关键环节。公共政策的制定主要内容包括土地政策、经济政策、传统建筑保护与利用、传统优秀文化保护和产业引导政策等。     

Country Town Newspapers and Regional Consciousness: A New England Case Study

Abstract

Public information sources, such as newspapers, have the potential to influence regional consciousness through the agenda of issues that they report. A survey of New England newspapers shows a geographical bias in news reporting. Parochialism and a sub-regional pattern of news coverage are very evident.     

小城镇人口集聚的比较研究及其合理规模浅析

小城镇是我国城镇化进程中的主体之一,合理的人口规模聚集是促进小城镇良性发展的关键。国内外小城镇的设置标准大多以人口规模作为参照。在现行的设镇标准下,我国小城镇的特征表现为数量众多、人口规模偏小,而且小城镇的人口集聚性受地理环境及经济发展水平的影响呈现出较大的差异性。本文结合小城镇的设置标准、国内外小城镇人口规模的比较研究以及小城镇人口集聚的影响因素与分析方法,对我国小城镇的人口集聚及其合理规模做了初步探讨。     

积极发展乡镇供水,为农村城镇化提供生活、生产保障

闸述了解决“三农”问题的根本出路在于“三农”的三化．从而进一步分析了农村城镇化使城镇供水有极大的发展机遇,农村水利必须做好供水增容的思想技术准备工作．为未来农村城镇提供用水保障．     

中小城镇供水项目的主要环境影响

基于中小城镇供水项目的环境影响评价实践,研究了该类项目的工程特点及环境特征,分析了项目建设对自然环境和社会环境各方面的影响,阐述了主要的影响方面,并探讨了影响分析中应注意的问题。中小城镇供水项目规模较小,水源一般选取县城上游的河流、水库或地下水,净水厂选址于城市规划区边缘,周边为农村地带,其影响主要体现在水资源、生态环境、居民生活、城市交通及人群健康等方面。同时,供水项目受外部环境的影响,如水量水质的保障等制约因素也是重要的环境问题。文中通过评价实例重点探讨了中小城镇供水项目评价重点之一的水源地方案分析及水源水质的污染分析与保护。