纳米材料在环境毒理中的作用与研究

纳米技术作为一种时代的主流技术,将人们对微观世界的认识水平及改造水平提升到了前所未有的高度,但是纳米材料也对环境产生了一定的危害。文章从环境毒理学的角度简述了纳米材料产生环境毒理学效应的途径与机制,以及纳米材料对土壤、大气和水体的毒理行为。同时,结合国内外文献报道,对目前有关纳米材料环境毒性研究方面的工作进展情况进行了总结与展望。     

甲苯磺丁脲钇配合物的糖耐量及其急性毒性

以植物油、阿拉伯树胶粉、水制成初乳,溶入甲苯磺丁脲钇(D860-Y)成乳剂。采用小鼠灌胃给药法分别测定了在高、中、低剂量时D860-Y的糖耐量和急性毒性。     

Toxic and behavioural effects of different modified diatomaceous earths on the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) under simulated field conditions

Defined populations of German cockroaches were observed after exposure to deposits (25 g/m²) of various modified and un-modified diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations by using a computer-aided device measuring motility, circadian rhythm, and mortality under defined environmental and climatic field-simulating conditions. In a humid climate (85% r.h.) with water and food offered ad libitum, complete population eradication could be achieved within 10 days with three out of seven DE formulations tested. Results revealed two basic factors affecting mortality: (a) formulations containing freshwater diatoms from Spain were significantly more effective than those originating from marine diatoms purchased from Fur Island, Denmark (P<0.0001), and (b) the higher the degree of coating with a silica-aerogel to increase oil-carrying capacity, the greater the efficacy (P<0.0001 to 0.07). Exposure to DEs resulted in complete disruption of the species-specific circadian rhythm of German cockroach populations with six out of seven DE formulations investigated. A remaining rudimentary circadian rhythm was found after exposure to one formulation. It is concluded that strongly hydrophobic formulations of DE can be used for effective cockroach control even in tropical environments, especially as part of a least-toxic Integrated Pest Management control strategy. Nevertheless, it remains unclear to what extent newly developed DEs, coated or formulated with different chemical compounds resulting in modified surface characteristics, could potentially produce adverse health effects to humans.     

Detection of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone in radiation-sterilized chicken meat stored for several years

Results are presented indicating a linear relationship between irradiation dose (10–60 kGy) and the quantity of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone produced in irradiated frozen (-46°C) chicken meat. 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone was found in chicken meat sterilized (at -40°C) by gamma and electron beam irradiation 12 years previously and used for toxicity clearance. After freeze-drying the irradiated chicken samples still contained 2-dodecylcyclobutanone indicating that it was present in the diets tested. The compound was not detected in chicken meat sterilized by thermal processing 13 years ago. In addition, there was evidence that 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone was also present in the irradiation sterilized samples.     

粮食中新兴真菌毒素的污染现状及毒理学研究进展

产毒真菌污染粮食等农产品产生有毒有害的次级代谢产物,称真菌毒素,严重威胁食用和饲用产品的质量安全。较为常见的真菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素、镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮等,国内外针对这些主要污染毒素制定了相应的限量标准。近年来,随着真菌毒素研究的发展和检测技术的更新,一些新型真菌毒素不断被发现。将目前尚未被列入常规风险筛查和监管、也尚无相关限量标准的真菌毒素种类,称谓新兴毒素（Emerging toxins）。目前检出频次高、污染较为严重的新兴毒素主要由镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）和链格孢属（Alternaria spp.）等产毒真菌产生。这些新兴真菌毒素通常与主要毒素复合污染,本文将依据现有的风险调查报告与数据,综述粮食中常见新兴镰刀菌和链格孢毒素的污染现状和毒理学研究进展,为真菌毒素的全面风险评估和管控技术研发提供依据。     

云南普洱茶籽油的研究与开发

普洱茶籽作为茶叶生产的副产物,一直未能得到充分利用,被大量废弃。普洱茶籽油具有不饱和脂肪酸含量高的特点,是一种优质的木本植物油。对普洱茶籽制油工艺技术、普洱茶籽油的理化性质、毒理学研究情况,以及发展前景进行了介绍。说明云南普洱茶籽油无毒无害,符合食用植物油国家标准,是一种值得大力开发的高山木本植物油。     

富含共轭亚油酸的食用油安全性毒理学试验研究

目的日本已经有富含共轭亚油酸的食用油商品。为了使共轭亚油酸在我国得到广泛的应用,进行富含纯度共轭亚油酸食用油的食品安全性毒理试验研究。方法依据GB15193—94《食品安全性毒理学评价程序和方法》进行急性毒性试验、三项遗传毒性试验和30天喂养试验。结果共轭亚油酸对两种性别的SPF级昆明种小鼠经口毒性,一次灌胃量达20g／kg·bw两周内动物未见明显中毒症状,无动物死亡,按急性毒性分级标准规定,该受试物属无毒级。三项遗传毒性试验（Ames、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验）结果均为阴性。30天喂养试验结果表明：该受试物O．87、2．20、4.30g／kg.bw剂量（分别相对于推荐人群日摄影入量3．6g/kg.bw的20、50、100倍）对wistar大鼠的临床检查,血液学,生化学,脏器重量和系数以及病理组织多样指标无明显影响,未发现该受试物有明显的毒性作用。结论富含共轭亚油酸的食用油既无毒也无任何副作用。     

米尔贝霉素毒理学研究进展

简要介绍了生物农药米尔贝霉素（milbemectin）毒理学研究进展,包括急性毒性、慢性毒性以及致畸性研究等,为其相关研究提供参考。     

3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯的代谢及毒理学研究进展

3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPD酯)主要是植物油脱臭过程中产生的一类过程污染物, 其在生物体内经脂肪酶水解会生成3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD), 3-MCPD具有神经、肾脏、遗传毒性以及潜在的致突变性, 是国际公认的食品污染物。近年来国内外学者对于3-MCPD酯的毒理学研究逐渐增多, 研究发现3-MCPD酯的毒性作用范围与游离3-MCPD的毒性作用范围相同, 这支持酯键断裂形成游离3-MCPD, 并且主要由3-MPCD施加毒性的观点。虽然3-MCPD酯相比游离3-MCPD的急性毒性较低, 但2种化合物都产生广泛的肾组织病理学包括肾小球损害和肾小管上皮细胞增生及睾丸毒性。本文主要对3-MCPD酯的生物代谢及毒性研究进行了概述, 旨在给国内相关毒理学研究提供参考, 并有助于后续健康风险评估工作的开展。