硝酸镧对大鼠免疫功能影响

目的探讨硝酸镧对大鼠免疫的影响。方法将160只SPF级断乳大鼠随机分为两批,每批80只并随机分为对照、低、中、高剂量组,每组20只,雌雄各半,于出生后第24天开始灌胃给予硝酸镧溶液,剂量分别为0、2、20、60 mg/kg BW。出生后第51天对第一批大鼠进行主要脏器重量及脏体比、外周血淋巴细胞分型以及血清细胞因子的检测,出生后第54天对第二批大鼠进行脾T、B淋巴细胞增殖及脾脏抗体生成细胞的测定。结果与对照组比较,雌雄大鼠硝酸镧各剂量组周体质量和终体质量均差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。雄性大鼠高剂量组肾脏绝对重量和相对重量高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);雌性大鼠低剂量组脑绝对重量和相对重量均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。雄性大鼠高剂量组自然杀伤细胞数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且存在剂量-反应关系;与对照组比较,雄性大鼠低剂量组CD4/CD8比值升高,雌性大鼠T细胞数增加、B细胞数降低,均差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论本试验条件下硝酸镧对大鼠具有免疫毒性作用,基于免疫毒性测试终点,其免疫毒性作用的基准剂量下限为8.10 mg/kg BW。     

营养毒理学研究进展与展望

营养毒理学是营养学与毒理学交叉融合形成的一门新学科,主要研究营养素过量对人体的不良作用及其可耐受最高摄入量的制定、营养素对毒物毒性及其代谢过程的影响、膳食来源的有毒有害物质对营养素代谢和营养过程的影响以及营养素/食物(成分)的风险-收益评估等,并在此基础上提出相应的预防控制措施。经过30多年的发展,营养毒理学的学科体系不断完善,在保障食品安全,促进人类健康方面将发挥越来越大的作用。     

Ecological Risks Due to Immunotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Organisms

The immunotoxic effects of some anthropogenic pollutants on aquatic organisms are among the causes of concern over the presence of these pollutants in the marine environment. The immune system is part of an organism’s biological defense necessarily for homeostasis. Thus, the immunotoxicological impacts on aquatic organisms are important to understand the effects of pollutant chemicals in the aquatic ecosystem. When aquatic organisms are exposed to pollutant chemicals with immunotoxicity, it results in poor health. In addition, aquatic organisms are exposed to pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Exposure to pollutant chemicals has reportedly caused aquatic organisms to show various immunotoxic symptoms such as histological changes of lymphoid tissue, changes of immune functionality and the distribution of immune cells, and changes in the resistance of organisms to infection by pathogens. Alterations of immune systems by contaminants can therefore lead to the deaths of individual organisms, increase the general risk of infections by pathogens, and probably decrease the populations of some species. This review introduced the immunotoxicological impact of pollutant chemicals in aquatic organisms, including invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and marine mammals; described typical biomarkers used in aquatic immunotoxicological studies; and then, discussed the current issues on ecological risk assessment and how to address ecological risk assessment through immunotoxicology. Moreover, the usefulness of the population growth rate to estimate the immunotoxicological impact of pollution chemicals was proposed.     

蛋白质组学及其在植物生态毒理学研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是近年来兴起的生命科学的前沿领域。当从mRNA水平考虑和对单个蛋白质进行研究已无法满足后基因组时代要求时,蛋白质组学应运而生。蛋白质组学能阐明基因组所表达的真正执行生命活动的全部蛋白质的表达规律和生物功能。蛋白质组学主要的研究内容分为：表达蛋白质组学、功能蛋白质组学和结构蛋白质组学。目前在植物生态毒理学研究中,一般通过研究在有毒物质胁迫下植物的蛋白质组与正常条件下植物蛋白质组的表达、结构、功能等的区别来实现的。评述了蛋白质组学的产生背景、基本含义和主要研究内容,综述了蛋白组学在植物生态毒理学研究中的应用。     

城市污水再生回用的生态毒理问题

介绍和分析了国内外城市污水再生回用的方向、污水厂出水中可能含有的有害物质及其可能造成的生态危害，提出了减少城市污水再生回用生态风险的方法。     

水体中铅、酚对红虫的毒性研究

为查明铅、酚对有机体毒性作用机理,以及毒作用剂量与有机体反应之间的关系,通过铅、酚在24h内对红虫的单一和联合急性毒理试验,得出铅、酚单一急性毒理试验的LC50分别是0．04mg／L和0．041mg／L,联合急性毒理试验的LC50为0．061mg／L,经过对比分析可知,铅和酚的联合毒性作用具有拮抗作用,此结论在评价铅与酚对人群健康的影响程度方面极具现实意义。     

芯之康牌红曲丹参胶囊动物毒理学安全性评价研究

目的对芯之康牌红曲丹参胶囊的服用安全性进行毒理学研究。方法按照国家标准要求和相关规定,对本品进行小鼠急性毒性实验、遗传毒理实验(含Ames实验、微核实验和小鼠精子畸形实验)和大鼠30 d喂养实验。结果以20.0 g/kg·bw剂量给小鼠灌胃后,14 d动物无中毒症状,无动物死亡;3项遗传毒性实验结果均为阴性;30 d喂养实验的结果与阴性对照组相比无显著差异(P0.05)。结论本品在本实验范围内无急性毒性、无遗传毒性,产品安全,可以作为辅助降血脂类保健食品用于人体。     

昆仑雪菊遗传毒性研究

目的研究昆仑雪菊的遗传毒性,为其食用安全性提供科学依据。方法试验受试物为昆仑雪菊浸泡浓缩液,每毫升相当于1 g昆仑雪菊干品。Ames试验和体外哺乳类细胞染色体畸变试验分别设昆仑雪菊浸泡浓缩液0.008、0.04、0.2、1、5 mg/皿组和1.25、2.5、5 mg/ml组,直接计数培养基上各菌株的回变菌落数和染色体畸变细胞数。微核试验、精子畸形试验和小鼠精原细胞或精母细胞染色体畸变试验均设昆仑雪菊浸泡浓缩液低、中、高剂量组(5、10、20 g/kg),各试验分别镜检计数每只动物1 000个嗜多染红细胞(PCE)、1 000个完整精子、100个中期分裂相细胞,记录有微核的嗜多染红细胞数量、畸变精子类型和数目、染色体畸变细胞数。结果昆仑雪菊遗传毒性试验结果均为阴性。结论本研究未发现昆仑雪菊有遗传毒性。     

Shape‐Dependent Cytotoxicity and Proinflammatory Response of Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanomaterials

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT) is recognized as one of the most promising conducting polymers for future applications in the fields of electronics, optics, energy storage/conversion, and biomedical science. The toxicity of PEDT could be considered to affect the potential for its widespread application. Herein, the cytotoxicity and proinflammatory response of PEDT nanomaterials of three different shapes toward human lung fibroblast (IMR90) and mouse alveolar macrophage (J774A.1) cells are investigated. The shape‐dependent toxicity of the PEDT nanomaterials is evaluated by examining cell morphological change, cytotoxicity, apoptosis/necrosis, oxidative stress, and immune response. The cytotoxicity and apoptosis of the nanomaterials increase with their decreasing aspect ratio in both cell lines. The formation of reactive oxygen species in cells treated with PEDT nanomaterials is dependent on the shape and concentration of the nanomaterial. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin‐1, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor α from macrophages, are induced by PEDT nanomaterial‐treated cells.