Biogenic amines in fish,fish products and shellfish: a review

Fish, cephalopods and shellfish provide a healthy source of high-quality proteins, essential vitamins, minerals and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The beneficial effects of fish consumption on human health such as protection against coronary heart disease and certain cancer may be offset by fish decomposition and the formation of chemical contaminants such as biogenic amines. There are several toxicological effects of biogenic amines on humans, especially histamine. It is the causative agent of histamine or scombroid fish poisoning which is a significant public health problem. In individuals with diminished histamine detoxification, ingestion of even a low or moderate histamine- or tyramine-containing fish may lead to food intolerance. Biogenic amines such as putrescine, tyramine and cadaverine can potentiate histamine toxicity. Furthermore, dietary polyamine intake should be minimised in some cancer patients. Besides their potential toxicity, biogenic amines are used for the evaluation of hygienic quality of different marine and freshwater species. Spoilage pattern and biogenic amine formation are species specific. Histamine has been traditionally used as an indicator of the quality of histidine-rich fish (dark-muscle fish). On the other hand, putrescine and cadaverine are the most objective indicators of quality of histidine-poor fish (white-muscle fish), shellfish and fermented seafood products.     

天麻酸枣仁胶囊毒理学安全性研究

目的 研究天麻和酸枣仁复合胶囊毒理学特性, 为其进一步研究开发奠定基础。方法 首先进行小鼠极性经口毒性试验, 采用最大给药量实验法(maximum tolerated dose, MTD), 然后进行遗传毒性试验, 包括Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验(间隔24 h两次经口灌胃法)和小鼠精子畸形试验, 最后进行大鼠30 d喂养试验来评价其毒理学安全性, 剂量分别为334、500、667 mg/kg×bw, 观察大鼠体重、增重量、进食量、食物利用率、血常规等指标的变化。结果 以最大给药量(30000 mg/kg)的样品灌胃后, 未见中毒症状, 无动物死亡; Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验3项遗传毒性试验结果均为阴性; 30 d喂养试验发现, 与对照组相比, 各剂量组大鼠的各项指标差异没统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 天麻酸枣仁胶囊在本实验范围内尾无毒、无遗传毒性的产品, 可进一步进行开发研究。     

油脂中氯丙醇形成机制及控制研究进展

食品中的氯丙醇污染是目前国际上广为关注的食品安全问题之一, 最初在酸水解植物蛋白加工中被检出, 近年来发现氯丙醇及其酯类化合物广泛存在于油脂及其加工品中, 成为危害消费者身体健康的又一隐性因素, 从而引起人们的再次高度关注。本文较为全面地介绍了氯丙醇的定义、分类, 分析了氯丙醇的潜在毒性及在食品中的污染现状, 总结了氯丙醇特别是3-氯-l,2-丙二醇(3-monochloropropanol-l,2-diol, 3-MCPD)的可能形成途径, 并归纳了油脂加工过程中可行的控制方法。     

不浸酸无铬鞣剂TWT的环保性能研究

考察了无铬鞣剂TWT的环保性能。研究结果表明,无铬鞣剂TWT属于低毒、可生物降解性物质,对家兔眼睛和皮肤均无刺激性,对豚鼠皮肤致敏性较弱。基于TWT的不浸酸鞣制工艺明显减轻了中性盐对环境的污染。TWT鞣制的白湿皮毒性较低（LD50〉5000 mg/kg）,片皮、削匀所产生的废皮屑可回收利用。与常规植鞣法相比,半植鞣法可节约栲胶50%左右,且废液中的栲胶含量较低。在铬复鞣逆转工艺中,当铬粉用量为削匀革5%时,皮坯收缩温度可达到110℃,与常规铬鞣法相当,但铬粉用量可节约50%以上,废液中的三氧化二铬含量也仅为240 mg/L。铬复鞣逆转工艺不产生含铬固体废弃物,仅最后一道工序产生低铬废水。以上研究结果表明,无铬鞣剂TWT环保性能优良。     

食品中丙烯酰胺风险评估及其形成机理研究进展

丙烯酰胺是一种神经毒素及对人可能的致癌物质。研究发现,高温加热的多种食品中含有高剂量的丙烯酰胺。本文重点介绍了国际上关于丙烯酰胺毒理学,风险评估,以及食品加工过程中形成机理方面的研究进展,讨论了进一步的研究工作。旨在为我国食品中丙烯酰胺的研究提供一定的理论和方法参考,进一步控制或减少食品加工中丙烯酰胺的形成,降低我国人群丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露水平,促进食品安全发展,保护消费者健康。     

新药“宁静液”的药效、毒理实验研究

研究从阔叶树木中提取、分离、配制的木质素类中药宁静液,对急性软组织挫伤及皮肤破损方面进行了药效试验,为临床安全用药提供科学依据,对小鼠进行口服,对豚鼠进行完整和破损皮肤药物接触后可能产生的毒性反应,过敏反应及刺激反应,宁静液对小鼠口服 给药的最大耐受量为80mL/kg,皮肤受药后在激发24小时、48小时、72小时皮肤未见一例出红斑,判定宁静液无过敏反应,经皮肤刺激反应评分标准判定平均分值为0.16,可判定宁静液为无刺激性。     

免疫婴儿乳粉的安全毒理学评定

以24株人肠道病原菌(包括病原性大肠杆菌12株、沙门氏菌8株、志贺氏菌3株、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌1株)作为抗原,对乳牛进行系统免疫,免疫乳与非免疫乳乳中IgG含量无显著差异。系统免疫并不增加乳中IgG的含量,但IgG的抗体特异性大大增强,所得的免疫初乳中乳抗体对24种不同病原菌的凝集价为28～212,为普通初乳中乳抗体凝集价的32～256倍。以免疫初乳作为原料制备免疫初乳粉并添加到婴儿乳粉中制成免疫婴儿乳粉。婴儿免疫乳粉LD50>10g/kg;Ames试验及小鼠骨髓微核试验和小鼠精子畸变试验表明婴儿免疫乳粉无致畸变作用。大鼠30d喂养试验表明,婴儿免疫乳粉对大鼠生长无不良影响,大鼠血液指标正常,病理学检查未见任何病变。     

Benzoic acid and its derivatives as naturally occurring compounds in foods and as additives: Uses,exposure, and controversy

Benzoic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid naturally present in plant and animal tissues, which can also be produced by microorganisms. Benzoic acid and a wide range of derivatives and related benzenic compounds, such as salts, alkyl esters, parabens, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and benzoyl peroxide, are commonly used as antibacterial and antifungal preservatives and as flavoring agents in food, cosmetic, hygiene, and pharmaceutical products. As a result of their widespread occurrence, production, and uses, these compounds are largely distributed in the environment and found in water, soil, and air. Consequently, human exposure to them can be high, common, and lengthy. This review is mainly focused on the presence and use of benzoic acid in foods but it also covers the occurrence, uses, human exposure, metabolism, toxicology, analytical methods for detection, and legal limits for benzoic acid and its derivatives. Their controversial effects and potential public health concerns are discussed.     

Maternal Responses and Adaptive Changes to Environmental Stress via Chronic Nanomaterial Exposure: Differences in Inter and Transgenerational Interclonal Broods of Daphnia magna

There is increasing recognition that environmental nano-biological interactions in model species, and the resulting effects on progeny, are of paramount importance for nanomaterial (NM) risk assessment. In this work, Daphnia magna F0 mothers were exposed to a range of silver and titanium dioxide NMs. The key biological life history traits (survival, growth and reproduction) of the F1 intergenerations, at the first (F1B1), third (F1B3) and fifth (F1B5) broods, were investigated. Furthermore, the F1 germlines of each of the three broods were investigated over 3 more generations (up to 25 days each) in continuous or removed-from NM exposure, to identify how the length of maternal exposure affects the resulting clonal broods. Our results show how daphnids respond to NM-induced stress, and how the maternal effects show trade-offs between growth, reproduction and survivorship. The F1B1 (and following germline) had the shortest F0 maternal exposure times to the NMs, and thus were the most sensitive showing reduced size and reproductive output. The F1B3 generation had a sub-chronic maternal exposure, whereas the F1B5 generation suffered chronic maternal exposure where (in most cases) the most compensatory adaptive effects were displayed in response to the prolonged NM exposure, including enhanced neonate output and reduced gene expression. Transgenerational responses of multiple germlines showed a direct link with maternal exposure time to ‘sub-lethal’ effect concentrations of NMs (identified from standard OECDs acute toxicity tests which chronically presented as lethal) including increased survival and production of males in the F1B3 and G1B5 germlines. This information may help to fine-tune environmental risk assessments of NMs and prediction of their impacts on environmental ecology.