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41.
川中地区上三叠统天然气地球化学特征及成藏过程探讨 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
川中地区上三叠统是一套自生自储的天然气成藏系统,天然气中甲烷含量为88%~96%,重烃(C2+)含量一般在6%~9%之间,二氧化碳和硫化氢等非烃气体含量普遍较低;天然气干燥系数(C1/C2+)为5~15,并且随深度增加而呈现升高的趋势;天然气和凝析油轻烃中的甲基环己烷、庚烷和异庚烷值变化表明天然气主要来源于腐殖型母质;天然气甲烷和乙烷碳同位素分别为-39.00‰~-41.00‰和-25.00‰~-27.00‰,具有典型煤成气特征。川中地区上三叠统烃源岩在燕山期持续沉降埋藏过程中,达到高成熟早期阶段;在喜山期,该地区大约2500m地层的剥蚀,使地层温度和压力大幅度降低,故储层中早期低成熟残余天然气的卸压膨胀作用和水溶气的脱溶作用为晚期天然气聚集成藏提供了重要的气源,同时也使气藏中甲烷碳同位素变轻。 相似文献
42.
Larry Wos 《Journal of Automated Reasoning》1987,3(4):433-435
This article is the fourth of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. The problem proposed for research focuses on finding criteria that would enable an automated reasoning program to expand or contract definitions wisely. For evaluating a proposed solution to this research problem, we include suggestions concerning possible test problems.This work was supported by the Applied Mathematical Sciences subprogram of the Office of Energy Research, U.S. Department of Energy, under contract W-31-109-Eng-38. 相似文献
43.
44.
揭示了城市环境的基本性质的基本特征,研究了城市环境对人的心理影响和生理影响。指出城市环境建设不公要满足人的物质需要,还要满足人的精神需要。 相似文献
45.
Influences of land use/cover on water quality in the upper and middle reaches of River Njoro, Kenya 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
William A. Shivoga Mucai Muchiri Samuel Kibichi Jethro Odanga Scott N. Miller Tracy J. Baldyga Eric M. Enanga Maina C. Gichaba 《Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management》2007,12(2):97-105
Data from 10 sampling sites along the River Njoro are used to examine the contribution of nutrients from upstream land uses draining each of the sampling sites. The data also are used to assess whether both the proportion of land uses and the size of the subwatersheds account for the variability in water quality in the River Njoro watershed. Geographical Information System analysis was used to determine the spatial distribution of land‐cover types and subwatersheds contributing run‐off to the sampling sites in the River Njoro. Standard Digital Elevation Model‐based routines were used to establish the watershed area contributing run‐off to each sampling site. Water and sediment samples were collected for chemical analysis, and the nutrient levels were related to the upstream land‐use types and the size of the subwatersheds. The mid‐stream portion of the River Njoro (near Egerton University) accounts for the highest nutrient contributions. The percentage contribution is magnified by additions from industrial, human settlements and agricultural land uses around the University. There is a significant decrease in nutrient levels downstream, however, indicating natural purification as the river flows through an area of large‐scale farming with intense, well‐preserved riparian and in‐stream vegetation. Steep slopes of the land upstream of Egerton University enhance erosion and nutrient losses from those subwatersheds. Mixed small‐scale agricultural and bare lands contribute over 55% of the phosphorus load to the upper and mid‐reaches of the River Njoro. The size of the subwatershed accounts for about 53% of the variability in the soluble phosphorus in the river. The land‐use subwatershed proportions are important for characterizing and modelling water quality in the River Njoro watershed. Upland land uses are as important as near‐stream land uses. We suggest that conservation of intact riparian corridor along the river and its tributaries contributes significantly to natural purification processes and recovery of the ecological integrity of the River Njoro ecosystem. 相似文献
46.
Open window buses without air-conditioning are a major mode of urban and inter-city transport in most countries. High occupancy
combined with hot and humid conditions makes travel in these buses quite uncomfortable. In this study air flow through a bus
has been studied that could be the basis for low cost and eco-friendly methods of increasing passenger comfort and possibly
reduce drag. The aerodynamics of such a road vehicle has not been studied as previous investigations have been confined to
vehicles with closed windows that present a smooth exterior to air flow. Using a 1:25 scaled Perspex model of an urban bus
in Delhi, flow visualization was performed in a water channel. The Reynolds numbers were one-tenth of a real bus moving at
10 m/s. Smoke and tuft visualizations were also performed on an urban bus at 40 km/h. Numerical simulations were performed
at the actual Reynolds number. Even though there were Reynolds number differences, the broad features were similar. Air enters
the bus from the rear windows, moves to the front (relative to the bus) and exits from the front windows. Inside air velocity
relative to the bus is about one-tenth of the free-stream velocity. The flow is highly three-dimensional and unsteady. 相似文献
47.
Hermann Knoflacher 《Sadhana》2007,32(4):293-307
Technological determinism has become a kind of religion for many people since it appears to offer solutions for societal problems
as never before in history. Transport is one of the fascinating technology branches developed during the last 200 years. Effortless
movement over long distances has become possible for car users as long as cheap fossil energy is available. However, the effect
of fast transport on urban structures and society was not taken into account when developing these technical means. Technologists
and economists have used indicators for expected benefits of these fast transport modes without taking into account the real
system effects on society and urban structures. Plausible assumptions and hopes instead of scientific understanding of the
complex system are used in practice. In contradiction to widely held beliefs of transportation planners, there is actually
no growth of mobility if counted in number of trips per person per day, no time saving by increasing speed in the system,
and no real freedom of modal choice. Modal choice is dependent on physical and other structures, the artificial environment
built by urban planners, transport experts and political decisions. The core hypothesis of traditional urban and transport
planning ‘growth of mobility’, ‘travel time saving by increasing speed’ and ‘freedom of modal choice’ are myths and do not
exist in the real urban and transport system. This is the reason why urban planning and transport planning based on traditional
non-scientific assumptions is creating continuously not only more transport problems, but also environmental and social as
well as economic problems all over the world, where these principals are applied. Urban transport planning in Europe, understanding
the transport system and the solutions are presented in this paper. 相似文献
48.
After the break-up of Czechoslovakia in 1993 the primary metrological standards authority almost fully remained in Slovakia. So we had to build our primary vacuum metrology anew. But we could do it using uptodate techniques that are more effective and they enable us to fulfil our task more effectively and in a shorter time.The steady demand to widen the lower pressure range and a steady demand for maximal accuracy collide with the financial possibilities open to a small country. So it is impossible to follow the classical pattern for the vacuum standards: liquid columns, static expansion system and dynamic expansion system. But it is possible to utilize contemporary progress in construction of piston manometers. This enables us to discard liquid column and static expansion techniques in favour of piston technique [Tesar J, Prazak D. Vacuum 2002; 67: 311, Tesar J, Prazak D, Krajicek Z. In:Proceedings of international symposium on Pressure and Vacuum, 2003. p. 169, Tesar J, Repa P, Prazak D, Krajicek Z, Peksa L. Vacuum 2004; 76: 491.]. Such system fulfils all the needs of a little industrial country and is economically acceptable. 相似文献
49.
Argyris G. Kagiannas Thanassis Didis Dimitris Th. Askounis John Psarras 《国际能源研究杂志》2003,27(2):173-186
The needs that an energy supply system must meet are constantly changing, due to technological, social and political reasons. Effective energy planning is a dynamic process that is repeated periodically and adjusts to changing conditions. Energy decision makers and planners are no longer able to rely on inductive decision making since they have to investigate the effect of various decision parameters and possible future changes. To help in this process, models have been developed where estimates of future load growth, candidate power plants, fuels and other key factors can be introduced, from which the planners can evaluate decision parameters and the available alternatives. The paper presents the different methodologies and practices that are used by 11 energy models for energy demand forecasting, supply side management and generation expansion planning, demand side management and integrated resource planning. The paper concludes to the presentation of a strategic appraisal of the examined energy models appropriate for energy planning in Mozambique. Three models are proposed for conducting demand forecasting, generation expansion planning and demand side management. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
50.
城市化进程中的小城镇交通初探 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
通过对小城镇城市结构、路网结构、交通结构和交通管理特征进行详细分析,得出小城镇交通问题症结所在,并初步提出小城镇交通规划和交通治理的对策。 相似文献