Monitoring and modelling of manually-controlled Venetian blinds in private offices: a pilot study

This study presents results from a window blind usage survey and field study that was conducted in California, USA during a period spanning from the vernal equinox to the winter solstice. A total of 113 office building occupants participated in the survey. Twenty-five occupants participated in the field study. In this study, 83 measurements of physical environmental conditions were cross-linked with participants' window blind controlling preferences. A total of 13 predictive window blind control bivariate and multivariate logistic models were derived. As hypothesised, the probability of a window blind closing event increased as the magnitude of physical environmental and confounding factors increased (p < 0.01). The main predictors were window/background luminance level and vertical solar radiation at the window. The confounding factors included MRT, direct solar penetration and participants' self-reported sensitivity to brightness. The results showed that the models correctly predict between 72–89% of the observed window blind control behaviour. This research extends the knowledge of how and why building occupants manually control window blinds in private offices, and provides results that can be directly implemented in energy simulation programs.     

A simplified model of heat transfer at an indoor window glazing surface with a Venetian blind

In this article, a simplified model is developed to predict the radiative and convective heat transfer in a complex fenestration system consisting of a Venetian blind located adjacent to an indoor window glazing. Empirical correlations for natural convection in an asymmetrically heated channel and an isolated flat plate are used in this one-dimensional simplified model. In this simplified model, an energy balance is performed at the blind surface using a mean blind temperature. The radiative heat exchange between the blind, window and room is calculated using a four surface grey-diffuse model, which is coupled to the convective heat transfer. The simplified model has been developed using experimental and numerical data from the literature. Sample results are presented that illustrate the effect of blind slat angle, blind-to-window spacing and absorbed solar heat flux on the heat transfer at the window surface.     

直贡斜纹弹力织物的染整工艺

直贡斜纹弹力布在染整加工时易起皱，成品质量难以控制。实践中，前处理采用清棉师Scolase 100T，实现了一浴法退煮漂处理，流程短，能有效提高产品质量。文中给出了各道工序的工艺条件和注意事项。     

旋转可调式百叶窗的实验测试分析研究

遮阳百叶窗是实现建筑节能的有效措施之一。针对现有百叶窗的局限性进行改进,设计出一种能够更好兼顾遮阳和通风的旋转可调式新型百叶窗,通过与传统百叶窗的对比实验测试,分析得到了新型百叶窗对室内太阳辐射量和通风量的影响。实验测试表明,控制一定的通风量时,采用旋转可调式百叶窗其室内辐射得热量最大可减小75％;控制一定的辐射量时,采用旋转可调式百叶窗室内通风量可比传统百叶窗增加30％以上。综合分析表明,旋转可调式百叶窗对于减少室内太阳辐射,增大室内通风量效果显著。     

北京地区双层幕墙应用分析

双层幕墙作为一种集节能和美观于一体的外围护结构,在北京地区已得到了广泛的应用,经统计北京现已建成的应用双层幕墙的16座建筑,得出双层幕墙在具有采光性能好等优点的同时还有围护费用高等缺点,在绿色建筑应用中应综合考虑,其应用前景广阔。     

Illuminance-based slat angle selection model for automated control of split blinds

Venetian blinds play an important role in controlling daylight in buildings. Automated blinds overcome some limitations of manual blinds; however, the existing automated systems mainly control the direct solar radiation and glare and cannot be used for controlling innovative blind systems such as split blinds. This research developed an Illuminance-based Slat Angle Selection (ISAS) model that predicts the optimum slat angles of split blinds to achieve the designed indoor illuminance. The model was constructed based on a series of multi-layer feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANNs). The illuminance values at the sensor points used to develop the ANNs were obtained by the software EnergyPlus™. The weather determinants (such as horizontal illuminance and sun angles) were used as the input variables for the ANNs. The illuminance level at a sensor point was the output variable for the ANNs. The ISAS model was validated by evaluating the errors in the calculation of the: 1) illuminance and 2) optimum slat angles. The validation results showed that the power of the ISAS model to predict illuminance was 94.7% while its power to calculate the optimum slat angles was 98.5%. For about 90% of time in the year, the illuminance percentage errors were less than 10%, and the percentage errors in calculating the optimum slat angles were less than 5%. This research offers a new approach for the automated control of split blinds and a guide for future research to utilize the adaptive nature of ANNs to develop a more practical and applicable blind control system.     

一种基于光伏技术的新型智能化绿色百叶窗

基于现今能源短缺的现状,我们在现有的百叶窗的基础上进行改造,加装太阳能电池板发电模块,利用光伏技术进行发电;同时加入智能控制模块,具体是通过传感器提供数据给单片机,经单片机处理后发送角度信息给舵机,控制百叶窗转动角度,最终达到自动与外界环境相适应的目的。此种新型百叶窗同时具有节能化和智能化的特点。     

室内自然光照度自适应神经模糊预测方法研究

为了有效预测室内自然光照度,本文利用自适应神经模糊推理系统,建立了基于分块百叶帘的室内自然光照度预测模型.首先通过EnergyPlusTM软件模拟办公空间模型并获得一年中测量点传感器中的照度数据,然后利用这些数据对自适应神经模糊推理系统模型进行训练,实现了不同百叶帘角度下室内自然光照度的预测.检验结果表明:模型预测照度的平均误差为5.2％,一年中大约90％的时间测量点照度百分比误差都小于10％.因此,该模型为分块百叶帘室内自然光照度提供了一种有效的预测方法,对于研究智能照明有着重要的意义.     

欧洲建筑遮阳产品认证技术简述

欧洲市场是国内遮阳企业出口的主要市场,而进入欧洲市场必须通过欧盟的强制性认证。本文分别从CE认证的特点、指令和具体要求等几个方面,简述了欧洲建筑遮阳产品的认证技术。     

Assessment of uncertainties for the GHP apparatus in determining U-value of double-glazed window with inter-pane blinds

This paper describes a procedure for determining the component uncertainties for the guarded heater plate apparatus – developed to compute from the measured thermal resistance – the ‘Unit heat loss rate’ of a double-glazed window with inter-pane venetian blinds. An example for computation of such uncertainties as per full-factorial design (162 trial runs) is also presented. The overall uncertainty for determining this U-value was determined to vary from 1.2% to 2.6% for the identified design. It was concluded that the fabricated apparatus has the advantage of getting an acceptable level of accuracy without using the complex and specifically designed equipment.