羧基在水基聚氨酯分散体粒子中的分布

在水基聚氨酯分散体中，羧酸型聚氨酯分散体应用最为广泛。它通常采用所谓自乳化工艺合成，在聚氨酯分子链中引入亲水基团，亲水基团成为其自身分散的分散剂。虽然理论可以推论羧基将分布在分散体粒子表面，但目前还没有直接证据。本文采用电导滴定和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观测证明羧基分布在分散体粒子表面。     

利用基于模糊划分的ISODATA模糊聚类方法识别电力系统同调机群

给出了一种利用基于模糊划分的迭代自组织数据分析技术(ISODATA)模糊聚类方法识别电力系统同调机群的算法.首先介绍了基于模糊划分的ISODATA模糊聚类方法的原理;然后在一些基本假设并对系统元件做了必要简化的基础上,形成了利用该方法识别同调机群的模糊集合;最后通过对新英格兰10机39节点系统的算例仿真验证了该方法的有效性.     

±800kV云广直流输电工程控制保护系统提高可靠性的措施

±800kV云广特高压直流输电工程是西电东送的重要通道,必须确保系统的可靠性。为此,在一次接线上采用了双12脉动阀组接线,使得一个阀组故障时仍可传送一半功率。对应新的接线形式,云广工程控制保护系统的设计从合理的层次结构、功能划分、通信网络结构以及抗干扰措施等多方面进行了综合考虑,提高了系统的可靠性和可用率。     

烯基琥珀酸酐表面改性淀粉膜羟基取代度的影响因素

以十二烯基琥珀酸酐和辛烯基琥珀酸酐为酯化剂对淀粉膜进行表面改性,通过正交试验研究了各种因素对淀粉膜表面羟基取代度的综合影响。结果表明,用十二烯基琥珀酸酐表面改性时,影响羟基取代度的最重要因素是酸酐稀释倍数;用辛烯基琥珀酸酐改性时,影响羟基取代度的最主要的因素是平衡环境的湿度;将十二烯基琥珀酸酐和辛烯基琥珀酸酐按不同的比例混合起来对淀粉膜表面改性,影响其羟基取代度的最主要因素是碱溶液质量分数。     

Effect of hydroxyl groups on hydrophilic and photocatalytic activities of rare earth doped titanium dioxide thin films

Rare earth(Y, La and Nd) doped TiO2 thin films were prepared on glass slides by sol-gel method. The photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue in aqueous solution was used as a probe reaction to evaluate their photocatalytic activities. The effects of hydroxyl groups on hydrophilic and photocatalytic activities were investigated by means of techniques such as X-ray diffraction(XRD), atomic force microscopy(AFM), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), optical contact angle, UV-Visible spectroscopy and VIS spectroscopy. The results showed that an appropriate doping of rare earth could cause the TiO2 lattice distortion, inhibited phase transition from anatase to rutile, accelerated surface hydroxylation and produced more hydroxyl groups, which resulted in a denser surface and smaller grains(40–60 nm), and a significant improvement in the hydrophilicity and photoreactivity of TiO2 thin films. The optimal content of rare earth was between 0.1 wt.% and 0.3 wt.%. Moreover, the modification mechanism of rare earth doping was also discussed.     

Numerical analysis of different ventilation schemes during the construction process of inclined tunnel groups at the Changheba Hydropower Station,China

During the excavation process of underground caverns, the rational selection of the ventilation scheme is very important for the safety and health of construction workers. The flood discharge tunnel groups at the Changheba Hydropower Station are selected as a case to study the design of ventilation schemes in inclined tunnel groups; these groups are characterized by a gradient of approximately 10% and a complex intersecting relationship among the tunnels. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is used to simulate the fluid dynamics in tunnel groups when different ventilation schemes are employed. Four ventilation schemes with the same duct at different positions along the transverse section are formulated, and the scheme approaching the right side with most of the construction adits is adopted in engineering after a comparative analysis, as it offers a well-distributed velocity field and sufficient security distance. The study reveals that flow vortices appear in the tunnels with a long axis length ranging from 5 m to 20 m; the observation that the flow velocity on the transverse sections is away from the heading face indicates that a low-velocity area is always present in the vicinity of an air duct, and the security distance on the upstream side is 60% shorter than on the downstream side with the same air-blower when the tunnels have a 10% gradient. In addition, when the excavation distance rises 200 m, the ventilation condition in the tunnels, especially in the areas around tunnel intersections, is greatly improved by the completion of pilot tunnels and shafts in advance.     

A RAPID YES-NO COMPUTER-AIDED COMMUNICATOR

Abstract

When attacking the German Enigma cipher machine during the 1930s, the Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski developed a catalog of disjoint cycles of permutations generated by Enigma indicators. By comparing patterns that resulted from message indicators with his catalog, Rejewski was able to determine the ground settings. Well, not quite—the mapping from the disjoint cycles to the ground settings is not one-to-one. Rejewski's catalog no longer exists. This article reports on the output of a program that “recreates” the catalog and answers the question “How far from being one-to-one is the mapping?”     

Child–robot interaction across cultures: How does playing a game with a social robot compare to playing a game alone or with a friend?

The present study investigates how children from two different cultural backgrounds (Pakistani, Dutch) and two different age groups (8 and 12 year olds) experience interacting with a social robot (iCat) during collaborative game play. We propose a new method to evaluate children’s interaction with such a robot, by asking whether playing a game with a state-of-the-art social robot like the iCat is more similar to playing this game alone or with a friend. A combination of self-report scores, perception test results and behavioral analyses indicate that child–robot interaction in game playing situations is highly appreciated by children, although more by Pakistani and younger children than by Dutch and older children. Results also suggest that children enjoyed playing with the robot more than playing alone, but enjoyed playing with a friend even more. In a similar vein, we found that children were more expressive in their non-verbal behavior when playing with the robot than when they were playing alone, but less expressive than when playing with a friend. Our results not only stress the importance of using new benchmarks for evaluating child–robot interaction but also highlight the significance of cultural differences for the design of social robots.     

An investigation of the electrical transport properties of graphene-oxide thin films

The electrical transport properties of graphene-oxide (GO) thin films were investigated. The GO was synthesized by a modified Hummers method and was characterized by X-ray diffraction and UV-visible spectroscopy. The thin film of GO was made on a Si/SiO₂ substrate by drop-casting. The surface morphology of the GO film was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques. Temperature dependent resistance and current-voltage measurements were studied using four-terminal method at various temperatures (120, 150, 175, 200, 250 and 300 K) and their charge transport followed the 3D variable range hopping mechanism which was well supported by Raman spectra analysis. The presence of various functional groups in GO were identified by using high resolution X-ray photo electron (XPS) and Fourier transform infra red (FT-IR) spectroscopic techniques. Graphene-oxide thin film field effect transistor devices show p-type semiconducting behavior with a hole mobility of 0.25 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and 0.59 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ when measured in air and vacuum respectively.     

A near-infrared dye for dye-sensitized solar cell: Catecholate-functionalized zinc phthalocyanine

The design and synthesis of an asymmetrical zinc phthalocyanine sensitizer modified with a catechol anchoring group is reported. The performance of this sensitizer was evaluated in a dye-sensitized solar cell. A strong interaction between the catechol dye and TiO₂ (with the formation of a five-membered charge-transfer complex) was evidenced by a strong shift in the Q-band of the ZnPc-Cat from 680 nm in solution to 750 nm on TiO₂, along with an appreciable absorption tail extending to ∼1000 nm. The fabricated solar cell containing the phthalocyanine sensitizer showed relatively high light-to-electron conversion efficiency (η = 0.92%), considering that few catechol dyes exceed η = 0.7% in dye-sensitized solar cells. Values of I_sc = 2.53 mA cm⁻² and V_oc = 540 mV were obtained, referring to a standard N719 cell (η = 6.46%). A comparison of zinc phthalocyanine sensitizers bearing different anchoring groups affirmed the superiority of carboxylate groups relative to those bearing catechol groups in terms of cell performance.