炼油污水处理场工艺优化和技改措施的探讨

对炼油污水处理场存在的问题进行分析，并结合炼油改扩建后的排水情况，提出了将调节罐改成“罐中罐”隔油设施，新场一级浮选改成CAF涡凹气浮设施，兼性池和活性炭塔以及新场二级浮选和后絮凝池分别改成一个处理单元的生化处理设施，增设高效流砂过滤器和消毒杀菌设施的方案，预计技改后污水处理场出水水质可全面稳定达标，并确保出水水质达污水回用条件。     

油田污水处理及酸化缓蚀剂的应用

介绍了油田污水处理及酸化中的几类缓蚀剂,重点介绍了咪唑啉型缓蚀剂、膦系缓蚀剂、曼尼希碱、炔醇等四类目前使用较多的缓蚀剂。结合缓蚀剂的分子结构阐述了其作用机理,论述了污水用缓蚀剂和酸化用缓蚀剂分子结构的区别及原因,并探讨了今后研究和发展的方向。     

炼油达标污水回用处理试验研究

采用曝气生物滤池、多介质过滤、超滤、反渗透工艺,对炼油达标外排污水进行回用处理中试试验。结果表明,曝气生物滤池对油、COD和浊度去除效果良好,超滤、反渗透膜化学清洗周期达到 2个月以上,脱盐率稳定在98％以上,产水品质达到回用要求。     

Photocatalytic Valorization of Plastic Waste over Zinc Oxide Encapsulated in a Metal–Organic Framework

The conversion of waste plastic into high-value-added chemicals is regarded as a promising approach for relieving global plastic pollution and contributing to the circular economy. Herein, a partial calcination strategy is developed to fabricate a zinc oxide/UiO66-NH₂ (ZnO/UiO66-NH₂) heterojunction, in which ZnO is encapsulated in porous UiO66-NH₂ for the photocatalytic valorization of plastic. This strategy preserves the framework structure of UiO66-NH₂, thus enabling the formation of ZnO with ultra-small size distributed inside the skeleton. The synergistic effect of the obtained ZnO/UiO66-NH₂ heterojunction facilitates providing an efficient channel for carrier/mass transfer and guarantees structural stability. As a result, ZnO/UiO66-NH₂ exhibits high activity for converting polylactic acid (PLA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) into acetic acid, coupled with H₂ production. This work provides a feasible strategy for rationally designing heterojunction photocatalysts, as well as an insight into understanding the process of photocatalytic valorization of plastic.     

利用真絲废料开发新型原料和产品

在引进的法国LAROCHE-500型废料开松机上对绢纺次原料、回丝及真丝针织品边角料进行开松试验获得成功。文章介绍了开松工艺及其流程;紬丝纱的纺制方式和开松绵的用途和产品开发。     

利用蒸馏装置回炼系统降低炼厂挥发性有机物排放

中国石油独山子石化分公司炼油厂为降低VOCs排放对各生产装置采取操作优化措施。其中蒸馏装置降低取样频次,回收取样产生的轻污油,消除设备密封泄漏点;优化蒸馏脱丁烷塔顶及常压塔顶操作,将蒸馏装置石脑油初馏点由42 ℃提高至49 ℃,降低石脑油罐区VOCs排放;将炼油新区各装置送往中间轻污油罐区的轻污油通过蒸馏装置大循环线进入原油泵入口进行回炼,实现中间罐区不接收不储存轻污油,减少了全厂VOCs排放,有效改善厂区生产环境。     

啤酒酵母废菌体Au3+的透射电镜观察

本文报告啤酒酵母废菌体对Au3+ 的吸附还原作用.该菌体在金离子起始浓度200 μg/ml,菌体浓度2mg/ml, pH3.0和30℃的条件下, 吸附60min,吸附量达55.9mg/g干菌体.TEM观察结果表明,溶液中的Au3+ 离子能被啤酒酵母废菌体吸附,并还原生成Au0颗粒.所生成的Au0颗粒能形成不同形状和大小的金晶体.吸附在α-Fe2O3和SiO2上的Au3+离子也能被啤酒酵母废菌体还原形成纳米大小的金颗粒.     

SRCA生物柴油技术的工业应用

介绍了中国石化石油化工科学研究院研发的近/超临界甲醇醇解(SRCA)生物柴油技术在中海油东方石化有限责任公司60kt/a生物柴油装置上的首次工业应用情况。装置运行和标定结果表明,以酸化油等废弃油脂为原料,装置运行平稳,生产能力达到了设计负荷,三废排放少且容易处理,产品质量满足生物柴油(BD100)国家标准(GB/T 20828—2007)的要求,综合能耗为4 259.76 MJ/t,低于国家4 390.50 MJ/t的规定。     

延长油田油基钻井液废弃物回收处理技术

油基钻井液应用中产生的废弃物的高效处理难度大是制约其广泛应用的重要原因和难点之一,针对油基钻井液技术难点,研发了高效的岩屑除油剂(CYJ-1)及针对废弃油基钻井液的破乳剂配方。研发的除油剂为一种润湿剂,通过改变岩屑表面润湿性实现除油。实验结果表明,其除油率高达98.27%,除油效果良好。通过破乳实验确定了破乳剂单剂种类及复配比例,并确定了破乳剂配方的最佳反应温度、反应时间、离心速度、离心时间等条件。将研究成果在现场云页平1井进行了初步试验。现场试验表明,CYJ-1及废弃油收油剂配方效果良好,处理效率高,实现了基油的回收利用,固相排放达到要求,有效降低了钻井液成本,减少了环境污染。     

De-regulated electric power markets and operating nuclear power plants: the case of British energy

One issue addressed in almost all electric power restructuring/de-regulation plans in both the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) was the recovery of operating nuclear power plant's spent fuel disposal costs and the expenditures to decommission the units when they are retired. Prior to restructuring, in theory at least, in both countries, electricity consumers were paying for the back end costs from operating nuclear power plants. Moreover, in virtually all cases in the US, states included special provisions to insure that consumers would continue to do so after power markets were de-regulated. When power markets in the UK were initially restructured/de-regulated and nuclear power privatized, the shareholders of British Energy (BE) were initially responsible for these costs. However, after electricity prices fell and BE collapsed, the British government shifted many of the costs to future taxpayers, as much as a century forward. If this was not done, the book value of BE's equity would have been about −3.5 billion pounds. That is, BE's liabilities would have been about −3.5 billion pounds greater than their assets. It is difficult to see how BE could remain viable under such circumstances.