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21.
The problem of operating freeze drying of pharmaceutical products in vials placed in trays of a freeze dryer to remove free water (in frozen state) at a minimum time was formulated as an optimal control problem. Two different types of freeze dryer designs were considered. In type I freeze dryer design, upper and lower plate temperatures were controlled together, while in type II freeze dryer design, upper and lower plate temperatures were controlled independently. The heat input to the material being dried and the drying chamber pressure were considered as control variables. Constraints were placed on the system state variables by the melting and scorch temperatures during primary drying stage. Necessary conditions of optimality for the primary drying stage of freeze drying process in vials are derived and presented. Furthermore, an approach for constructing the optimal control policies that would minimize the drying time for the primary drying stage was given. In order to analyze optimal control policy for the primary drying stage of the freeze-drying process in vials, a rigorous multi-dimensional unsteady state mathematical model was used. The theoretical approach presented in this work was applied in the freeze drying of skim milk. Significant reductions in the drying times of primary drying stage of freeze drying process in vials were obtained, as compared to the drying times obtained from conventional operational policies. 相似文献
22.
高功率脉冲水中放电的应用及其发展 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
首先介绍了高功率脉冲水下放电的机理,然后综合论述了其应用和研究的状况,从较为成熟的脉冲水处理技术到医疗领域的ESWL应用技术,以及在脉冲电场食品杀菌和水下目标探测方面的最新发展和研究,最后指出了高功率脉冲电技术应用前景以及进行更系统和深入研究的必要性。 相似文献
23.
分别利用Ga2O3粉末和Ga2O3凝胶作为Ga源,采用NH3为N源,在950℃下,分别将两种反应物与流动的NH3反应20 min合成了GaN微晶。用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、选择区电子衍射(SAED)对微晶进行结构、形貌的分析,特别是对两种不同途径合成GaN微晶的XRD进行了分析比较。结果表明,当Ga源温度为950℃时两种不同的合成途径均可得到六方纤锌矿结构的GaN单晶颗粒,在氮化温度为850℃和900℃时,利用Ga2O3粉末作为Ga源,仅有少量的Ga2O3转变为GaN;而采用Ga2O3凝胶作为Ga源,在相同的温度下,大部分凝胶经过高温氨化反应均可转化为GaN。 相似文献
24.
D. Vignolles D. Smirnov G. Rikken B. Raquet H. Rakoto C. Proust M. Nardone J. Léotin F. Lecouturier M. Goiran O. Drachenko J. M. Broto L. Brossard A. Audouard 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2003,133(1-2):97-120
An overview over past and present activities and future developments at the Toulouse pulsed magnetic field facility is given, both as far as technical developments of the infrastructure, as well as low temperature physics performed at the LNCMP are concerned. 相似文献
25.
五.牛奶厂的清洗。目前,牛奶厂采用的清洗方式主要是CIP清洗(Cleaning in place),原地清洗或称定置清洗,即在基本不拆卸或挪动机械装置和管线的情况下对生产过程中能与牛奶发生接触的设备表面进行的清洗。其冲刷、清洗、灭菌的整个过程全部实现了自动化因此大大降低了劳动强度。而有一些不 相似文献
26.
套保稠油油田火烧油层可行性分析 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
从火烧油层的筛选标准、实际地质条件及室内物理模拟实验入手,对该油田火烧可行性进行了分析。分析结果认为,套保油田进行火烧总体上是可行的,在实际火烧时应避开底水的影响,火烧区域应选在构造高部位或仅烧其主力层。 相似文献
27.
28.
J. Gegner 《Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik》2003,34(3):290-297
Chemical Composition and Microstructure of Polymer‐Derived Glasses and Ceramics in the Si–C–O System. Part 2: Characterization of microstructure formation by means of high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction Liquid or solid silicone resins represent the economically most interesting class of organic precursors for the pyrolytic production of glass and ceramics materials on silicon basis. As dense, dimensionally stable components can be cost‐effectively achieved by admixing reactive filler powders, chemical composition and microstructure development of the polymer‐derived residues must be exactly known during thermal decomposition. Thus, in the present work, glasses and ceramics produced by pyrolysis of the model precursor polymethylsiloxane at temperatures from 525 to 1550 °C are investigated. In part 1, by means of analytical electron microscopy, the bonding state of silicon was determined on a nanometre scale and the phase separation of the metastable Si–C–O matrix into SiO2, C and SiC was proved. The in‐situ crystallization could be considerably accelerated by adding fine‐grained powder of inert fillers, such as Al2O3 or SiC, which permits effective process control. In part 2, the microstructure is characterized by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction. Turbostratic carbon and cubic β‐SiC precipitate as crystallization products. Theses phases are embedded in an amorphous matrix. Inert fillers reduce the crystallization temperature by several hundred °C. In this case, the polymer‐derived Si–C–O material acts as a binding agent between the powder particles. Reaction layer formation does not occur. On the investigated pyrolysis conditions, no crystallization of SiO2 was observed. 相似文献
29.
在大空间的温度控制系统中 ,采用简单的PID控制规律 ,对空间的温度、湿度进行解藕计算 ,将空间的相对湿度控制转化为送风含湿量的控制。该控制方式稳定、可靠 ,并且节约能源。本方法适用于所有的烘烤炉中 相似文献
30.