Modification of alumina bubbles with ammonium aluminum sulphate

Ammonium aluminum sulphate was introduced to modify alumina bubbles by the wet chemical method. Distribution of ammonium aluminum sulphate, in situ decomposition characteristics, microstructure and mechanical properties of the modified alumina bubbles were investigated by SEM, XRD, BET and by a purposely designed experimental device for the measurement of compressive resistance. Experimental results showed that an ammonium aluminum sulphate thin film was formed on the surface of the alumina bubbles, at the same time, ammonium aluminum sulphate also infiltrated into the flaws and cavities of the alumina bubbles. After heat-treated at 900 °C, the ammonium aluminum sulphate on the alumina bubbles could be in situ decomposed to γ-Al₂O₃ with high activity. The compressive resistance of the modified alumina bubbles was enhanced from 15.6N to 38.7N after heat-treatment at 1700 °C for 2 h.     

Recovery of ammonium sulfate from fermentation waste by electrodialysis

Electrodialysis experiments of the lysine fermentation waste were performed to generate demineralized feed and ammonium sulfate, which can be utilized as a fertilizer and an animal feed, respectively. The electrodialysis performances were compared for different ion exchange membranes in terms of ammonium sulfate removal rate, resistance and conductivity change. Analysis of fouling phenomena revealed that organics fouled ion exchange membranes reversibly in electrodialysis of the fermentation waste. In this study, mitigation of membrane fouling with the pulsed electric field was examined for the electrodialysis of the fermentation waste containing strong foulants. The half-wave power reduced membrane fouling significantly. For a quantitative measure of the membrane fouling tendency, a membrane fouling index for electrodialysis was used. This study showed the potential use of pulsed power as an effective fouling mitigation method for the electrodialysis of fermentation waste.     

Immersion nickel deposition on blank silicon in aqueous solution containing ammonium fluoride

Immersion deposition of Ni on p-Si (100) blank substrates was carried out in an aqueous NiSO₄ solution at a pH value of 8 through displacement reactions. Study of the early deposition stage revealed that incorporation of 2.5 M NH₄F in solution promoted Ni nucleation significantly. By adding fluoride, it was observed that metallic Ni was deposited constantly at the expense of Si and the deposition was not self-limited. Sponge-like Ni deposits were observed and it might explain the non-limiting feature of such immersion Ni deposition over Si. Transmission electron microscopic images of Ni/Si cross-sections showed that during the reactions, Si oxide played a role of the intermediate phase. The whole process could have involved successive Si oxidation steps. Eventually the oxide was etched away by fluoride resulting in a nanoporous Ni film.     

Effect of solvent and impurity on synthesis of ethyl lactate from fermentation-derived ammonium lactate

Fermentation-derived ammonium lactate was converted into ethyl lactate by decomposition in various organic solvents followed by esterification with ethanol over Amberlyst catalyst. The ammonium lactate was decomposed more efficiently in an organic solvent with high boiling point, where the produced lactic acid was stabilized well as a monomer without oligomerization. However, only the nonreactive phosphate-type solvent such as triethyl phosphate and tributyl phosphate showed a notable ethyl lactate yield in the subsequent esterification reaction compared with dimethyl sulfoxide and N-methyl pyrolidine. The lactic acid yield in ammonium lactate decomposition and the subsequent ethyl lactate yield were also highly dependent on solvent ratio to ammonium lactate, temperature and pressure in ammonium lactate decomposition reaction. The amino acid impurity contained in the fermented ammonium lactate as well as the unreacted ammonium lactate reduced the acid strength of Amberlyst-36, which resulted in the final ethyl lactate yield.     

Superfine Spherical Hollow Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Fire-Extinguishing Particles Prepared by Spray Drying

Superfine spherical hollow ammonium dihydrogen phosphate fire-extinguishing particles are prepared by spray drying and modified in situ with silicon oil emulsion. The results show that the amount of rough particles increased observably when the proportion of silicon oil emulsion is increased from 9 to 15 wt%, while no significant difference is detected when the proportion of silicon oil emulsion was varied from 0 to 9 wt%. The flowability of particles is improved with an increase in the proportion of silicon oil emulsion; 9.0 wt% is the optimal proportion of silicon oil emulsion for improving the hydrophobic performance of particles. Fire-extinguishing tests show that the fire-extinguishing capability of spray-dried superfine spherical hollow ammonium dihydrogen phosphate fire-extinguishing particles is much better than the two varieties of existing superfine dry chemical fire-extinguishing agents.     

氨基硫脲对锌在氯化铵介质中的缓蚀作用及其吸附行为

采用失重，腐蚀电位测试，交流阻抗等方法研究了氨基硫脲对锌在２６％氯化铵介质中的缓蚀作用机理，研究结果表明，ＴＳＣ对锌在氯化铵中的腐蚀有较好的抑制作用，其作用机制为几何覆盖效应。ＴＳＣ在锌表面的吸附近似符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温式。     

硫酸亚铁铵制备实验的改进

硫酸亚铁铵制备的经典方法是经过蒸发,浓缩,冷却来得到晶体,既耗时长,Fe2+又易氧化,影响硫酸亚铁铵产率及等级。此次改进利用复盐的溶解度比组成它的简单盐溶解度小的特点,而硫酸亚铁铵又不溶于乙醇及水与乙醇可任意比互溶的特征,通过常压过滤于乙醇中,即刻可得浅蓝绿色硫酸亚铁铵单斜结晶,省去经典方法中的蒸发、浓缩,冷却步骤,同时也有利于防止Fe2+被氧化。     

Small‐Scale Safety Testing of Ammonium Nitrate and Mixtures

Ammonium nitrate (AN), gunpowder (GP), and an ammonium nitrate gunpowder mixture (AN/GP) were studied for impact sensitivity by four laboratories using the drop hammer apparatus. Bruceton and Neyer methods were used as experimental protocols and for data reduction. The results are presented as 50 % probability of reaction (DH₅₀). For AN, the DH₅₀ values are widely varied among the participants, from sensitive to completely insensitive (limit of the equipment), with no real correlation among results. GP and the AN/GP mixture exhibited much more sensitivity overall and were in some cases within statistical values extrapolated from previous studies of RDX. The variability in results for the AN data is attributed to the difficulty in determining a positive reaction event for AN, as detailed by Neyer experiments and photography during positive reactions. Variability in results for the GP and AN/GP mixtures is attributed to equipment environment and detection criteria. This work was performed by the Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program, a multi‐laboratory effort to standardize safety testing of improvised or homemade explosives funded by the Department of Homeland Security.     

利用卤水制备高活性氧化镁

以唐山南堡盐场的卤水为原料,以碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂,制备了活性氧化镁。研究了沉淀反应条件如反应物浓度、反应温度、反应时间、陈化时间和煅烧温度等对产品性能的影响,并通过实验研究确定了制备活性氧化镁的最佳工艺条件：碳酸氢铵与氯化镁的物质的量比在2.0∶1.0～2.3∶1.0;反应物浓度在0.8～1.4 mol/L;反应温度在40～55℃;反应时间在45～75 min;煅烧温度在600～750℃。     

过硫酸铵催化合成乙酸异戊酯反应时间的探讨

用过硫酸铵作催化剂,改变反应时间和不用带水剂合成乙酸异戊酯。结果显示:当反应时间为10min时,乙酸异戊酯的产率为83.07%;当反应时间为45min时,乙酸异戊酯的产率为93.58%;当反应时间为180 min时,乙酸异戊酯的产率为81.33%。实验得出,乙酸异戊酯产率最高的反应时间为45 min,最佳反应时间为40~50 min。