Ammonium bisulfate formation temperature in a bench-scale single-channel air preheater

Ammonium bisulfate (ABS) forms in coal-fired power plant exhaust systems when ammonia slip from the NO_x control system reacts with the sulfur oxides and water in the flue gas. The critical temperature range for ABS formation occurs in the air preheater, where ABS is known to cause corrosion and pluggage that can require unplanned outages and expensive cleaning. To develop mitigation strategies for the deleterious effects of ABS in air preheaters, it is important to know its formation temperature and deposition process. This paper describes a bench-scale experimental simulation of a single-channel air preheater, with the appropriate temperature gradient, used in conjunction with simulated coal combustion flue gas, including sulfur oxides, ammonia, and water vapor, to investigate the formation of ABS. Formation was observed optically, and the formation temperature, as well as deposition characteristics for a realistic range of reactant concentrations are presented and compared with previous studies on ABS formation. This study presents data at realistic concentrations not earlier tested, and the reported data has smaller experimental uncertainty than previously obtained. We found that the measured ABS formation temperatures under air preheater channel conditions lies between the temperatures reported by others, and is in the range of 500-520 K for typical flue gas concentrations of ammonia and sulfur oxide species. The results also show that, at least for this experimental configuration, ABS forms predominantly as an aerosol in the gas phase rather than as a condensate on the channel walls.     

Borates in hydrolysis of ammonia borane

Ammonia borane NH₃BH₃ (19.5 wt% H) is able to release hydrogen by hydrolysis in the presence of a catalyst in ambient conditions. This reaction has received considerable attention since 2006, with special focus on the catalytic material. In comparison, important aspects like the nature of the hydrolysis by-product(s) have been much less investigated while a good identification of the borate(s) is required for approaching recyclability. In this context, we present a work based on a systematic approach that aims at characterizing the hydrolysate, its stability in time, and the borate(s) recovered after drying. It is shown that the hydrolysate consists in aqueous B(OH)₃ and that the solution (catalyst-free) is stable when stored 6 months under argon atmosphere at 30 °C. The extraction of the water from the hydrolysate was performed at different conditions (vacuum, or air; from −50 to 500 °C). It is observed that the higher the temperature, the lower the hydration degree of the borates. The total dehydration, with the formation of B₂O₃, can be obtained at heating at 500 °C. The main problem with the hydrolysate is the release of NH₃ during the drying stage. A solution is to remove NH₃ after hydrolysis and to dry the NH₃-free hydrolysate. By this way, H₃B₃O₆ forms. Hence, B₂O₃ and H₃B₃O₆ could be recovered and recycled into ammonia borane. Besides the identification of the borates, the suitability of ammonia borane for hydrogen production by hydrolysis is discussed, especially in comparison with sodium borohydride NaBH₄.     

粗品硫酸锰的分离提纯

采用直接加热法对某化工厂对苯二酚生产过程中得到的硫酸锰副产品进行了分离纯化的实验室研究,以分离后产品中的二价锰含量作为标准评价纯化效果,研究表明将样品在电炉上加热至无白烟后于马沸炉中恒温,温度在520~620℃时均能达到很好的纯化效果。     

Detonation Failure Characterization of Homemade Explosives

Typically characterizing home made explosives (HMEs) requires many large scale experiments, which is prohibitive given the large number of materials in use. A small scale experiment was developed to characterize HMEs such as ammonium nitrate‐fuel oil mixtures. A microwave interferometer is applied to small scale confined transient experiments, yielding time resolved characterization of a failing detonation that is initiated with an ideal explosive booster charge. Experiments were performed with ammonium nitrate and two fuel compositions (diesel fuel and mineral oil). It was observed that the failure dynamics were influenced by factors such as the chemical composition, confiner thickness, and applied shock wave strength. Thin steel walled confiners with 0.71 mm wall thickness experienced detonation failure and decoupling of the shock wave from the reaction zone. Confiners with a wall thickness of 34.9 mm showed a decrease in propagation speed and a steady reactive wave was achieved. Varying the applied shock strength by using an attenuator showed corresponding changes in the initial overdriven reactive wave velocity in the HMEs. The distance to detonation failure was also shown to depend on the attenuator length when thin wall confinement was used. This experimental method is shown to be repeatable and can be performed with little required material (about 2 g). The data obtained could be useful to model development and validation, as well as quantifying detonability of materials.     

改性硝酸铵的工业制备方法及其性能

硝酸铵饱和溶液中加入表面活性剂辛基三甲基溴化铵，采用真空膨胀结晶技术工业制备一种新型改性硝酸铵，并介绍其性能特点。     

从481—2B型废催化剂中回收钼工艺述评

钼酸铵是一种主要的化工原料，本文对从工业生产的废催化剂中回收钼的工艺进行了比较系统的概括，对各种工艺进行了比较，并给出了最佳的工艺条件。     

喷雾热解法制备高纯超细氧化铝粉

本文以高纯硫酸铝铵为原料，用喷雾热解法制得纯度大于９９．９％、细度为１０￣２０ｎｍ的高纯超细α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３粉。探讨喷雾热解工艺条件对粉体性能的影响。     

Influence of Ammonium Pentaborate (APB) on the Performance of Urea Formaldehyde (UF) Adhesives for Plywood

Ammonium pentaborate (APB) was used to modify urea formaldehyde (UF) resins, in which the formaldehyde to urea molar ratio was set at 1.80, 1.50, 1.25, and 1.05. Some specific properties, including gel time, free formaldehyde content in UF, bond strength, and formaldehyde emission levels from plywood were evaluated. The result showed that APB increased the gel time length, but also decreased free formaldehyde content and emission levels, which was reduced mostly by 79.0% and 81.4%, respectively. The result of bond strength indicated that APB was proper to modify high F/U molar ratio of UF resin regardless of the loading level, but a recommended loading level should be considered to relevantly lower the F/U molar ratio of UF. The suggested loading level of APB to UF is 8.0% to 6.0%, 6.0%, and 4.0% to UF resin with F/U molar ratio of 1.8, 1.5, and 1.25 separately.     

A benzoate coprecipitation route for synthesizing nanocrystalline GDC powder with lowered sintering temperature

Electrolyte powders with low sintering temperature and high-ionic conductivity can considerably facilitate the fabrication and performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) is a promising electrolyte for developing intermediate- and low-temperature (IT and LT) SOFCs. However, the conventional sintering temperature for GDC is usually above 1200 °C unless additives are used. In this work, a nanocrystalline powder of GDC, (10 mol% Gd dopant, Gd_0.1Ce_0.9O_1.95) with low-sintering temperature has been synthesized using ammonium benzoate as a novel, environmentally friendly and cost-effective precursor/precipitant. The synthesized benzoate powders (termed washed- and non-washed samples) were calcined at a relatively low temperature of 500 °C for 6 h. Physicochemical characteristics were determined using thermal analysis (TG/DTA), Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM/EDX, XRD, nitrogen absorptiometry, and dilatometry. Dilatometry showed that the newly synthesized GDC samples (washed and non-washed routes) start to shrink at temperatures of 500 and 600 °C (respectively), reaching their maximum sintering rate at 650 and 750 °C. Sintering of pelletized electrolyte substrates at the sintering onset temperature for commercial GDC powder (950 °C) for 6 h, showed densification of washed- and non-washed samples, obtaining 97.48 and 98.43% respectively, relative to theoretical density. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis for the electrolyte pellets sintered at 950 °C showed a total electrical conductivity of 3.83 × 10^?2 and 5.90 × 10^?2 S cm^?1 (under air atmosphere at 750 °C) for washed- and non-washed samples, respectively. This is the first report of a GDC synthesis, where a considerable improvement in sinterability and electrical conductivity of the product GDC is observed at 950 °C without additives addition.     

壳聚糖三甲基季铵盐的合成及其结构表征

利用壳聚糖分子中氨基的特性,与过量碘甲烷进行彻底甲基化反应合成水溶性的壳聚糖三甲基季铵盐,纯化后进行了结构表征。