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61.
Bubble emergence in a gas‐liquid flow in a T‐junction microchannel of 100 μm diameter, operated under a squeezing regime, was simulated with the computational fluid dynamics method. In general, bubble formation in channels includes three stages: expansion, collapse and pinching off. After analyzing and comparing quantitatively the three forces of pressure, surface tension and shear stress acting on the gas thread in the whole process, their effects in the different stages were identified. The collapse stage was the most important for bubble formation and was investigated in detail. It was found that the collapse process was mostly influenced by the liquid superficial velocity, and the rate and time of collapse can be correlated with empirical equations including the liquid superficial velocity, the capillary number and the Reynolds number. 相似文献
62.
Food aeration has become one of the fastest growing unit operations practiced in the food industry. Dispersed air (or other gases) provides an additional phase within the gel that may accommodate new textural and functional demands. This paper addresses the relationships between structural characteristics and fracture properties of gas-filled gelatin gels (GGG), and compare these properties with those of control gelatin gels (CGG). Three gases were used in the fabrication of GGG: air, nitrogen and helium. Experimental methods to determine density, gas hold-up, bubble sizes and bubble size distributions as well as fracture properties of GGG are presented. Increasing protein concentration produced higher density, lower gas hold-up and decreased polydispersity of bubbles due to its effect on increased solution viscosity. Type of gas affected density and gas hold-up due to the different diffusivities of gases and structures (bubble size, size distribution and number of bubbles per area) formed in GGG. Fracture values increased for both GGG and CGG with increasing protein concentration for the three gases used. GGG were weaker and less ductile than CGG, the decrease in stress and strain at fracture being between 70 and 80%, and 40 and 65%, respectively. A power law relationship (σf = 2.73 × 10−12ρG4.76) was found between the fracture stress and gel density for the three gases studied. This study shows that the presence of bubbles in gel-based food products results in unique textural properties conferred by the additional gaseous phase. 相似文献
63.
Yoshifumi Atsushi Wataru Fumihiro Junji Hiroaki 《Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical》2009,140(2):649-655
A novel method for exchanging solutions used in biochemical analyses and a device to carry out the exchange are proposed. An array of plugs formed using six injectors was transported in a microflow channel using a main pump located at one end of the main flow channel. The injectors and main pump were operated on the basis of the change in volume caused by the electrolysis of water. Bubbles were produced from working electrodes; these bubbles caused a diaphragm placed below the injectors to inflate and occlude the inlet of the solution reservoir. Increase in the number of bubbles caused the reservoir to inject the solution into the main flow channel in the form of a plug. Each plug was individually transported downstream to the sensing area by the main pump, which was operated in a similar manner to the injector. The device was used for the detection of a tumor marker, α-fetoprotein (AFP). Plugs of necessary solutions were individually transported to the sensing area with immobilized primary antibodies to allow antigen–antibody binding, cleaning, and detection. The fluorescence intensity from the antibodies showed clear dependence on the concentration of AFP. The immobilization of antibodies could also be carried out on-chip. 相似文献
64.
The removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) at the anode of a micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC) is critical. The bubbles are generated at the anode and may block
part of the catalyst/diffusion layer, causing the μDMFC to malfunction. This work discusses the CO2 bubble dynamics of microfluidics in a μDMFC from a microscopic perspective. A two-dimensional, nine-velocity lattice-Boltzmann
model was adopted in this work to simulate the two- component (CO2 bubble plus methanol solution) two-phase (gaseous and liquid) micro flow in a microchannel. The liquid–gas surface tension,
the buoyancy force and the fluid–solid wall interaction force play the major roles in the bubble dynamics. They are treated
as source terms in the lattice momentum equation. Simulation results indicate that the methanol stream flow rate, the pore
size and the channel incline angle significantly affect the removal of CO2 bubbles. The effect of the incline angle is substantial at low stream flow rates. The critical pore size in the microchannel
for removing bubbles at all angles under various flow conditions has been predicted quantitatively. 相似文献
65.
66.
All experiments of pressure fluctuations were carried out in a bubble column with a moderately large column of 0.376 m ID.
The recently developed technique of wavelet packet transform based on localized wavelet functions is applicable to analysis
of the fluctuating signals. The time series of pressure fluctuation signals have been analyzed by means of wavelet packet
transform components, decomposition through best basis algorithm and timefrequency representation. By resorting to this technique,
the objects in bubbly flow regime have fine scales and frequencies than ones in churn-turbulent flow regime. Thus, this wavelet
packet transform method enables us to obtain the frequency content of local complex flow behaviors in a bubble column. 相似文献
67.
The impact of single-bubble wake dynamics on the reaction-enhanced mass transfer and on the yield and selectivity of the cyclohexane oxidation reaction was studied using a two-dimensional CFD-reaction model that was developed by our group. Temperature and the concentrations of the (desired) intermediate and (undesired) final products of this autocatalytic reaction were the parameters of this study. Two bubble types were studied: (a) a circular bubble with closed wake, and (b) an elliptical bubble with an unsteady, vortex-shedding wake. The main results of our work are: (1) Film theory over-predicts reaction-enhanced mass transfer since the assumption of an average film thickness is not justified. In order to study fast reaction systems on a reactor scale using coarse-grid CFD codes, a full bubble model, or correlations based on it, should be incorporated as a sub-grid micro model. (2) The bubble wake does not contribute to mass transfer in systems where reaction rates are low. For fast reactions, the local mass transfer rate in the wake can increase by several thousand percent. (3) Vortex shedding causes qualitatively different mixing since patches rich in the dissolved gas are quickly convected away from the bubble. Bubbles that cause vortex shedding will lead to a significantly higher conversion per volume than spherical bubbles. (4) Parallel-consecutive reactions with a high liquid-phase reactant concentration and with reaction rates that depend in an identical way on the dissolved gas concentration, are not micro-mixing sensitive in terms of selectivity. Since bubble shapes and sizes can be controlled by changing operating and design parameters, the yield of this reaction can be controlled. 相似文献
68.
The present study deals with the pressure effects on mass transfer parameters within a bubble reactor operating at pressures up to . The gas-liquid systems are N2/CO2-aqueous solution of Na2CO3-NaHCO3 and N2/CO2-aqueous solution of NaOH. A sintered powder plate is used as a gas distributor. Three parameters characterizing the mass transfer are identified and investigated with respect to pressure: the gas-liquid interfacial area a, the volumetric liquid side mass transfer coefficient kLa and the volumetric gas side mass transfer coefficient kGa. The gas-liquid absorption with chemical reaction is used and the mass transfer parameters are determined by using the model reaction between CO2 and the aqueous solutions of Na2CO3-NaHCO3 and NaOH. For a given gas mass flow rate, the interfacial area as well as the volumetric liquid mass transfer coefficient decrease with increasing operating pressure. However, for a given pressure, a and kLa increase with increasing gas mass flow rates. The mass transfer coefficient kL is independent of pressure. Furthermore, the pressure increase results in a decrease of kG and kGa for a given gas mass flow rate. The values of the interfacial area, which are obtained from both chemical systems are found to be different. These discrepancies are attributed to the choice of the liquid system in the absorption reaction model. 相似文献
69.
裂变气体分离器气泡分离轨迹的数值模拟 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
钍基熔盐堆是我国重点开发的第四代核反应堆之一,其裂变反应产生的中子俘获截面大的Kr、Xe等裂变气体以微气泡的形式存在于熔盐冷却剂中,对裂变气体的分离是提高熔盐堆中子经济性、实现燃料深燃耗的重要环节。为定量地获得分离器内气泡的分离行为,采用数值模拟和理论建模相结合的方法,得到旋流场的流场分布特征;通过建立旋流场中气泡运动控制方程,分析并计算不同旋流度和气泡直径下的分离长度。与实验数据对比发现,数值模拟结果和实验数据吻合良好,表明数值模拟方法可以用于气液分离器的优化设计。 相似文献
70.
An original procedure has been established for estimating the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient using the oxygen concentration curves resulting from the usual gassing-in and gassing-out method. This procedure was applied to experimental data obtained in a small scale bubble column using both tap water and a coalescence-inhibiting liquid mixture that represents the coalescence behavior of biological media. It is based on the analysis of the characteristics times of the system, including those of the hydrodynamics of the two phases, the sensor dynamics and the system inertia when the gas composition is modified. A numerical procedure was developed to estimate the characteristic time of the system inertia ti, using the assumption that this inertia is nearly independent of superficial gas velocity UG. The calculations confirmed that the optimized ti value was nearly independent of UG and of the coalescence behavior of the liquid phase. Additionally, the resulting KLaL values for tap water were closer to the correlation of Shah et al. [1982. Design parameters estimations for bubble column reactors. A.I.Ch.E. Journal 28, 353-379] than those of other conventional models. Finally, the original procedure was also reported to reduce significantly the square sum deviation between the predicted and the measured oxygen response curves. 相似文献