Municipal solid waste conversion to energy

In recent years it has been recognised by an increasing number of nations that there is considerable energy potential within MSW. As a result many countries have established R,D& D programmes to examine methods of exploiting this potential. The IEA's MSW Conversion Activity was set up in 1986 to provide an infrastructure for sharing information and co-ordinating work in this area internationally. This Activity was extended in 1989 and currently a total of 9 nations participate in it.

To cope with the wide scope of the area (encompassing both biological and thermal processing of MSW) the Activity was divided into three subgroups or Expert Working Groups (EWGs). Each of these dealt with a distinct area of expertise:

1. •Downstream effects of source separation and screening of MSW

2. •Sampling and analytical protocols

3. •Landfill gas

In addition to these groups a central secretariat based at Harwell (UK) has provided guidance, established and administered databases of contacts and produced a series of national reports.

This paper describes the achievements of the Activity and discusses work proposed for the future.     

Biogas and biomass technology: Energy generation from biomass and waste in the Netherlands

Within the European Community, the interest in energy generation from biomass and waste is increasing. A brief overview is given of several thermal conversion technologies, of biomass production and waste availability in the Netherlands. Based on this, the possibilities for energy generation from biomass and waste in the Netherlands are evaluated.     

含氚废水水泥固化实验研究

研究用水泥固化处理氚废水,并选择了最佳配方:水与灰的重量比=0.45～0.5,水泥与石膏重量比=5∶1。用IAEA推荐的方法做浸出实验。为了减少水泥固化体中氚的浸出量,实验了几种涂层材料。沥青涂层可将固化体氚的浸出率降低1～2个量级。     

Temperature and pressure effects on supercritical CO2 extraction of tomato seed oil

Tomato seed oil was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide in a semibatch-flow extractor within the temperature range 313–343 K and the pressure range 10.8–24.5MPa. The extraction rates increased with pressure, but decreased with temperature increase because of the variation in solvent density and resultant differences in oil solubility. The fatty acid composition of the extracted oil was similar to that of soybean oil.     

余热利用系统多目标优化模型及应用

以炭黑生产中的余热利用系统为背景建立了余热利用系统多目标优化规划数学模型;阐述了模型的求解方法;给出了实例分析。     

废电解液除杂制取硫酸铜和粗镍

介绍了废电解液除杂制取硫酸铜和粗镍的主要工艺条件及试验结果。在废电解液中加入CH80调节pH值到一定范围后,再加入CH64将电解液中Fe2+等杂质除去,铁的去除率可达到94%～98%。然后向滤液中加入CH80调节pH值沉淀铜。过滤后的滤饼用H2SO4溶解后再结晶,可得到CuSO4·5H2O晶体。滤液中加入Na2CO3沉淀镍,过滤后的滤饼即为粗镍(NiCO3)。铜和镍的回收率分别达96%和90%。该流程简单,投资少,效益高,环境保护好,在工业上有较广的应用前景。     

A thermochemical concept-based equation to estimate waste combustion enthalpy from elemental composition

Waste combustion is an interesting alternative for waste management and energy recovery. Knowledge of the waste higher heating value (HHV) is important for judging it’s worth as fuel. This work introduces a new equation, based on thermochemical concepts, to calculate HHV from elemental composition. This equation is expressed in terms of mass percentages on a dry basis of carbon (%C), hydrogen (%H), oxygen (%O), nitrogen (%N), and sulfur (%S); the HHV is computed in MJ/kg. The equation is as follows: HHV=(1−(%H₂O/100))(−0.3708(%C)−1.1124(%H)+0.1391(%O)−0.3178(%N)−0.1391(%S)). The thermochemical concept on which this expression is based involves a wide applicability. This equation neglects the inorganic carbon, hence it is not very adequate when there is a significant concentration of it. The predictions from this approach were contrasted against those proceeding from equations currently used in combustion technology, and also against bomb calorimeter data. The new equation is clearly competitive with respect to other formulations, and it can be very helpful for presenting a waste HHV value based on different derivation suppositions.     

A楼·B楼·C楼--同济校园新建筑评述

同济大学校园在几十年发展过程中出现了各种形式的个性建筑。从20世纪50年代的文远楼到80年代的建筑城规学院明成楼再到21世纪的建筑城规学院新楼，代表了三个历里时期的建筑特色，并共同坚持着同一种精神，那就是勇于创新，紧跟潮流的时代精神。     

Automated model generation for performance engineering of building automation networks

Large technical systems need to be designed both reliable and efficient. Specialized design tools offer therefore a simplified, abstract design and extend details autonomously in the background. Analytic and simulation based models could improve the quality by testing and dimensioning the design before implementation, but setting up the necessary models is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore many developers ask for analysis tools which are able to create their models from the available information in the design tools. This paper presents such an automated modeling approach basing on an existing design database at the example of a network analysis for building automation fieldbuses. The process of automated modeling is unfolded, and the potentials and limitations are discussed.     

Means of enhancing and promoting the use of solar energy

The development of renewable technologies in the last decade has been exceptional. In photovoltaic (PV) for example, efforts were not only limited to merely improving their efficiency but also to the reduction of the cost of cells and modules via volume production for commercial markets. There are many national schemes promoting the use of PV technology and regional targets for a share of renewable energy production. This paper attempts to relay to the reader a journey, based on experience, approaches for enhancing the prospect of utilising solar energy within the society we live in. The issue of expansion or enhancing the utilisation of solar energy can be undertaken by individuals, groups, institutions and governments. The aim of this paper is to provide some examples, which could serve as a framework in which action could be taken to promote solar technology.