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91.
以杂化轨道理论和关于含Si、Al元素催化剂酸中心的认识为理论依据和研究方法,从反应物与催化剂B酸中心相互作用为切入点,分析相互作用过程中甲醇与B酸中心分子结构变化,揭示甲醇制烯烃反应机理本质。研究结果表明甲醇转化制丙烯反应过程可分为3步:(1)B酸中心释放H+攻击甲醇分子中C-O键,C-O键断裂生成甲基碳正离子(CH+3)和H2O,CH+3中C原子外层有个空轨道,释放了H+后的B酸中心失去活性。(2)失活B酸中心从CH+3中获得H+,反应生成了一种新中间体H-form,H-form中C原子外层有1对孤对电子(e-)和1个空轨道,结构式为C↑↓〇H2;失活的B酸中心获得H+后恢复活性。第3步,有3个H-form结构的C原子,第1个C原子上的孤对e-占据第2个C原子上空轨道,第2个C原子上的孤对e-占据第1个C原子上空轨道,彼此共用2对e-,形成C=C键;第3个C原子上的空轨道与第1个C原子上C、H原子重叠轨道再次重叠,形成C、H和C三原子共用1对e-结构,结果是第1个C原子与第2个C原子形成C=C键,第1个C原子与第3个C原子形成C-C键,3个C原子形成C=C-C结构,即生成丙烯。  相似文献   
92.
Natural gas foam can be used for mobility control and channel blocking during natural gas injection for enhanced oil recovery, in which stable foams need to be used at high reservoir temperature, high pressure and high water salinity conditions in field applications. In this study, the performance of methane (CH4) foams stabilized by different types of surfactants was tested using a high pressure and high temperature foam meter for surfactant screening and selection, including anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), non-anionic surfactant (alkyl polyglycoside), zwitterionic surfactant (dodecyl dimethyl betaine) and cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), and the results show that CH4-SDS foam has much better performance than that of the other three surfactants. The influences of gas types (CH4, N2, and CO2), surfactant concentration, temperature (up to 110°C), pressure (up to 12.0 MPa), and the presence of polymers as foam stabilizer on foam performance was also evaluated using SDS surfactant. The experimental results show that the stability of CH4 foam is better than that of CO2 foam, while N2 foam is the most stable, and CO2 foam has the largest foam volume, which can be attributed to the strong interactions between CO2 molecules with H2O. The foaming ability and foam stability increase with the increase of the SDS concentration up to 1.0 wt% (0.035 mol/L), but a further increase of the surfactant concentration has a negative effect. The high temperature can greatly reduce the stability of CH4-SDS foam, while the foaming ability and foam stability can be significantly enhanced at high pressure. The addition of a small amount of polyacrylamide as a foam stabilizer can significantly increase the viscosity of the bulk solution and improve the foam stability, and the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, the higher viscosity of the foam liquid film, the better foam performance.  相似文献   
93.
Activated carbon was modified by loading 2‐methylimidazole (mIm), ethanol, and glycol onto its surface and adopted to capture CO2 using the absorption‐adsorption method. The modified activated carbon showed high selectivity for separating CH4+CO2 gas mixtures, compared with other methods to modify activated carbon given in the literature. The separation factor was 4.75 times higher than that for the fresh activated‐carbon system, and the separation performance of the activated carbon increased with increasing amount of mIm. The addition of glycol showed greater potential to enhance the selectivity of the activated carbon than ethanol. A recycling test verified the stability of the modified activated carbon for CH4+CO2 gas mixture separation.  相似文献   
94.
The clean and effective utilization of titanium-bearing minerals has challenged the titanium industry all over the world. In order to realize the high-efficiency, clean, and high value-added comprehensive utilization of ilmenite concentrate, a novel process has been proposed in this study by reducing and carbonitriding ilmenite with the CH4-N2-H2 gas mixture at low temperature. Carbonitride performance and mechanism have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The obtained results showed that the reaction process could be divided into three stages: formation of metallic iron, reduction of titanium oxide to titanium suboxides, and formation of Ti(C, O, N). The metallic iron congregated at the first two stages, but dispersed once the Ti(C, O, N) formed. The effects of both reaction temperature and preoxidation treatment on the reaction have been studied as well. It was found that the increase of temperature was conducive to the formation of Ti(C,O), and the ilmenite could be reduced completely to Ti(C,O) at 1170°C for 8 hours. The preoxidation treatment could improve the kinetics of reduction. At 1170°C, the introduction of N2 could apparently increase the reduction rate, with the complete reduction time decreasing from 8 hours in CH4-H2 gas mixture to 3 hours in CH4-N2-H2 gas mixture. The proposed novel process has been assessed and it showed many potential advantages and feasibility.  相似文献   
95.
Photovoltaic performances of the bismuth-based solar cells are profoundly affected by the thin film quality of the photoactive layer. Herein, we report on various green solvent system to obtain the highly crystalline, pinhole free and homogeneously methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI) active layer. The MBI structure prepared with tetrahydrofuran:2-ethoxy-ethanol (THF-2ETO) solvent system was found to have the best film quality. Adding 0.05 M 2ETO as the co-solvent is sufficient to produce high quality BiI3 and MBI thin films. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyzes, we have demonstrated that there is an interaction between BiI3 and 2ETO according to the concentration of 2ETO added to the main THF. Our study clarifies the importance of THF-2ETO solvent system that can accelerate the evolution of the Bi-based solar cells by creating high-quality BiI3 or MBI thin films.  相似文献   
96.
本文论述了USB接口芯片在氡析出率仪中的应用。介绍了CH375的特点,给出了CH375与单片机的硬件接口电路和软件的设计思路,最终实现了氡析出率仪从u盘读写数据的功能。  相似文献   
97.
李志春 《电子机械工程》2000,16(4):23-27,64
本文主要介绍了 CH10 15车身总成焊接夹具结构及其 PL C全自动控制。  相似文献   
98.
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, such as CH3NH3PbI3, have shown highly promising photovoltaic performance. Electron microscopy (EM) is a powerful tool for studying the crystallography, morphology, interfaces, lattice defects, composition, and charge carrier collection and recombination properties at the nanoscale. Here, the sensitivity of CH3NH3PbI3 to electron beam irradiation is examined. CH3NH3PbI3 undergoes continuous structural and compositional changes with increasing electron dose, with the total dose, rather than dose rate, being the key operative parameter. Importantly, the first structural change is subtle and easily missed and occurs after an electron dose significantly smaller than that typically applied in conventional EM techniques. The electron dose conditions under which these structural changes occur are identified. With appropriate dose‐minimization techniques, electron diffraction patterns can be obtained from pristine material consistent with the tetragonal CH3NH3PbI3 phases determined by X‐ray diffraction. Radiation damage incurred at liquid nitrogen temperatures and using Ga+ irradiation in a focused ion beam instrument are also examined. Finally, some simple guidelines for how to minimize electron‐beam‐induced artifacts when using EM to study hybrid perovskite materials are provided.  相似文献   
99.
有机-无机钙钛矿材料因为具有光谱吸收范围宽、缺陷密度低、载流子复合率低等非常优良的光电性能吸引了广泛关注, 掀起了钙钛矿材料研究热潮。近年来杂化钙钛矿型太阳能电池发展迅速, 光电转化效率目前已达到22.1%, 展现出极大的应用潜力。与多晶薄膜相比, 单晶具有极低的缺陷密度和极少的界面缺陷。多个课题组成功培养出大尺寸钙钛矿单晶, 发现钙钛矿单晶材料具有比其他薄膜多晶材料更好的光响应特性, 是设计制备光伏器件的理想材料。在各类钙钛矿材料中, CH3NH3PbI3是研究和应用最广泛的一类钙钛矿材料。本文主要针对近年来CH3NH3PbI3单晶材料的研究制备进行综述, 介绍了CH3NH3PbI3单晶材料的结构及性能, 重点总结了CH3NH3PbI3单晶材料生长制备方法和应用, 并对其发展趋势进行了展望。  相似文献   
100.
Wireless sensor network (WSN) has been widely used due to its vast range of applications. The energy problem is one of the important problems influencing the complete application. Sensor nodes use very small batteries as a power source and replacing them is not an easy task. With this restriction, the sensor nodes must conserve their energy and extend the network lifetime as long as possible. Also, these limits motivate much of the research to suggest solutions in all layers of the protocol stack to save energy. So, energy management efficiency becomes a key requirement in WSN design. The efficiency of these networks is highly dependent on routing protocols directly affecting the network lifetime. Clustering is one of the most popular techniques preferred in routing operations. In this work we propose a novel energy-efficient protocol for WSN based on a bat algorithm called ECO-BAT (Energy Consumption Optimization with BAT algorithm for WSN) to prolong the network lifetime. We use an objective function that generates an optimal number of sensor clusters with cluster heads (CH) to minimize energy consumption. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Energy Efficient cluster formation in wireless sensor networks based on the Multi-Objective Bat algorithm (EEMOB) protocols. The results obtained are interesting in terms of energy-saving and prolongation of the network lifetime.  相似文献   
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