中国可持续能源政策分析

本文分析了21世纪第一个十年中国能源开发利用状况和2020年前中国能源发展的主要趋势。指出2001～2010期间,尽管中国能源支撑了中国经济的高速增长,中国经济增长的粗放型模式导致能源过度消费和能源系统本身的重碳化。作者认为中国能源"走出去"的战略是成功的。国际油气市场的变化提供了新的机遇,除了采取各种能源供应安全的防范措施和政策外,2020年前中国对外油气的依存度仍然快速增长。本文特别强调应对气候变化、节能和煤炭消费总量控制是中国能源可持续发展的三个关键问题。中国正在酝酿新一轮的改革,作者对能源机构的改革目标和内容提出了一些建议。     

应加快“三西”煤炭基地直通湘鄂赣区域煤运通道建设

湘赣鄂区域煤炭供求矛盾日益突出,已经影响到区域经济发展,进一步将会影响到国家"中部崛起"战略的实施。建议国家尽快修建"三西"直达该区域的煤运通道,在彻底解决煤炭需求的同时,缓解铁路运输紧张状况,为经济社会发展提供可靠保障。     

再热汽温变化对煤耗率影响的强度计算模型

再热温度的改变会对机组的热经济性产生影响,文中在火电机组热经济性分析的统一物理模型和数学模型的基础上,推导出了再热汽温对火电机组发电煤耗率影响的通用强度计算模型。该推导方法推导过程简单、物理意义明确,且在应用时只需计算温度变化与强度系数的乘积就可得到煤耗率的变化量。以国产600 MW机组的典型工况为例进行了算例分析,计算结果表明应用该模型在计算时计算量小、精度高。强度系数的提出为火电机组节能降耗以及热力系统定量分析提供了理论依据。     

抽汽压损变化对煤耗率影响的通用强度矩阵计算模型

抽汽压损是一种不明显的热力损失,它使蒸汽的做功能力下降,热经济性降低.加热器抽汽压损的变化将影响火电机组的发电煤耗率,因此定量计算分析抽汽压损变化对火电机组发电煤耗率的影响对节能降耗具有重要的现实意义.文中提出了一种计算抽汽压损变化对煤耗率影响的新方法,该方法以火电机组热经济性分析的统一物理模型和数学模型为基础,建立了基于强度矩阵的抽汽压损变化对煤耗率影响的通用计算模型.本模型不必建立热力系统能量平衡方程与质量平衡方程,且推导简单、计算量小、精度高和通用性强,为研究抽汽压损改变对机组热经济性的影响提供了一种新方法.     

美国能源结构及消费现状

美国石油储量220亿桶,石油消耗占美国总能耗的40％以上,是全球主要的石油生产国和消费国.美国煤炭可实现自给自足,每年消耗10亿t,90％用于发电.美国天然气储量6.73万亿m3,年消费量660 km3,页岩气产量占天然气产量的25％左右.美国拥有104个核电反应堆,总生产能力为806.2TWh.美国能源总消费量的8％由可再生能源提供,10％的电力由可再生能源提供,累计风力发电装机容量为43461 MW,拥有48 MW世界上最大的光伏发电项目,地热能安装能力2957 MW.     

伊犁伊宁矿区煤炭资源开采生态补偿机制建议

伊犁地区是新疆地区生态环境比较优越的地区之一,同时伊犁地区储存着丰富的煤炭资源,而煤炭资源的大规模开采势必会对生态环境造成一定的影响,如何在煤炭资源开发的同时避免对生态环境的破坏已成为研究的重点。以《新疆伊犁伊宁矿区规划》为例提出矿区煤炭开采生态补偿机制方面的有关建议。     

提高燃煤质量检验技术管理水平的实践与建议

科学、客观地评价煤炭质量,是以燃煤质量检验工作获得的化验分析结果为依据,因此,加强燃煤电厂燃煤质量检验技术管理,不断提升管理水平,提高检验数据的准确度和可靠性,是当今燃煤电厂对燃料质量控制的重要环节。介绍了提高燃煤质量检验技术管理的实践经验,并针对燃煤质量检验过程中对各个环节的质量控制要求,提出了应强化"以质量为中心,以标准为依据,以计量为手段"的管理原则,建立质量、标准、计量三位一体的技术管控体系的建议,以确保电力生产的安全经济运行。     

E型磨煤机钢球消失模铸造工艺及数值模拟

用消失模工艺铸造E型磨煤机用耐磨空心钢球,设计了侧注、顶注两种工艺方案,并用华铸CAE分析系统对两种方案进行充型和凝固模拟,并对两种方案的模拟结果进行分析和对比。另将试验结果和模拟结果作对比。分析了在铸造大型空心钢球方面,用消失模工艺方法生产的优势和劣势。     

煤锁整体机械加工工艺技术研究

本文主要阐述了在煤锁生产过程中,为保证装配位置的精度而采取的机械加工工艺.     

Combustion behavior in air of single particles from three different coal ranks and from sugarcane bagasse

Comparative combustion studies were performed on particles of pulverized coal samples from three different ranks: a high-volatile bituminous coal, a sub-bituminous coal, and two lignite coals. The study was augmented to include observations on burning pulverized woody biomass residues, in the form of sugarcane bagasse. Fuel particles, in the range of 75–90 μm, were injected in a bench-scale, transparent drop-tube furnace, electrically-heated to 1400 K, where they experienced high-heating rates, ignited and burned. The combustion of individual particles in air was observed with three-color pyrometry and high-speed high-resolution cinematography to obtain temperature–time–size histories. Based on combined observations from these techniques, in conjunction to morphological examinations of particles, a comprehensive understanding of the combustion behaviors of these fuels was developed. Observed differences among the coals have been striking. Upon pyrolysis, the bituminous coal chars experienced the phenomena of softening, melting, swelling and formation of large blowholes through which volatile matter escaped. Combustion of the volatile matter was sooty and very luminous with large co-tails forming in the wake of the particle trajectories. Only after the volatile matter flames extinguished, the char combustion commenced and was also very luminous. In contrast, upon pyrolysis, lignite coals became fragile and experienced extensive fragmentation, immediately followed by ignition of the char fragments (numbering in the order of 10–100, depending on the origin of the lignite coal) spread apart into a relatively large volume. As no separate volatile matter combustion period was evident, it is likely that volatiles burned on the surface of the chars. The combustion of the sub-bituminous coal was also different. Most particles experienced limited fragmentation, upon pyrolysis, to several char fragments, with or without the presence of brief and low-luminosity volatile flames; other particles did not fragment and directly proceeded to char combustion. Finally combustion of bagasse was once again very distinctive. Upon pyrolysis, long-lasting, low-luminosity, nearly-transparent spherical flames formed around slowly-settling devolatilizing particles. They were followed by bright, short-lived combustion of the chars. Both volatiles and chars experienced shrinking core mode of burning. For all fuels, flame and char temperature profiles were deduced from pyrometric data and burnout times were measured. Combustion rates were calculated from luminous carbon disappearance measurements, and were compared with predictions based on published kinetic expressions.