网络信息搜索技术的研究进展

搜索技术可以分为以分类目录为主的搜索引擎、以网页全文检索为主的搜索引擎和新兴的搜索技术。其中，对称搜索技术是当今搜索技术的代表，本文从对称搜索技术的优越性、对称性、对称搜索引擎的收录范围以及对称搜索技术在商业中的应用三个方面对其进行了介绍。Google是互联网信息搜索技术的代表，文章重点介绍了Google中的对称搜索技术以及Google进行高速搜索的关键一索引，从中可以了解到Coogle取胜的原因。     

基于ArcScene+SketchUp的小区三维可视化研究与实现

三维GIS是当今的发展趋势之一.小区三维可视化是构建数字城市的前提和基础.本文分析了目前三维GIS的发展情况.结合小区三维可视化的特殊性,以及兼顾二、三维GIS平台数据一致性,本文选择以Google SketchUp+ArcScene的方法,实现小区三维可视化,特别对日常不易观察的地下管网也实现了三维可视化.     

Dependability analysis for characterizing Google cluster reliability

Cloud solutions are emerging as a new suitable way of transforming traditional IT data centers to highly available and reliable computing resources for hosting critical applications and data. However, software and hardware failures are a common problem in cloud datacenters that can lead to harmful damages. In this paper, we analyze the physical server failures in the Google cloud datacenter. We study the Google cluster properties to investigate the relationship among physical servers' failure rate and jobs failure events. The failure rate of Google cluster executed jobs and servers is taken into consideration during a 29‐day period. We present a reliability model for Google cluster physical machines using the continuous time Markov chains according to this observation. We attempt to analyze the obtained model through SHARPE software packages to improve the understanding of failure events in the Google cloud cluster. We also explore the cluster availability based on parameters like steady‐state availability, steady‐state unavailability, mean time to failure, and mean time to repair in the Google cluster.     

影像的土地覆被快速分类

精确的土地覆盖信息是进行碳循环、气候变化监测、土壤退化等相关科学研究的基础。随着云计算技术的不断成熟,一些高效算法与平台被不断提出,用来充分挖掘遥感数据所包含的海量信息。基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)云平台,利用随机森林监督分类法对1990、2000、2010、2017年的山西省土地覆被进行了分类。参考Google Earth高清影像选择的1580个样本点,对分类结果进行了验证;同时将分类结果与CNLUCC、GlobeLand30、FROM-GLC等现有土地覆被分类产品进行比较。验证和对比发现时间序列分类结果的总体精度达到86%~94%,比同期单时相分类总体精度提高了5%~10%;本文时间序列结果达到了CNLUCC、GlobeLand30、FROM-GLC等产品的分类精度。结果表明:①在快速准确土地覆被分类方面,时间序列影像与云平台结合,显示出时效性强、时间周期短、成本低等优势;②时间序列百分位数指标能有效地区分不同土地覆被类型的物候差别,在进行土地覆被分类方面显示出简单、易用、高效等特点。该方法对于深入研究大区域尺度的土地覆被变化过程具有重要的参考价值。     

黑河流域2001~2017年植被变化特征及其可延续性评价

植被的变化特征是流域生态监测的重要内容和流域综合管理决策的基础信息。基于谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine,GEE),利用空间分辨率为250 m的MODIS-EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index)产品,研究2001~2017年黑河流域植被的时空变化趋势及延续性特征。结合气温、降水与河流径流量观测数据,分析黑河流域上游、中下游绿洲与非绿洲区植被变化的影响因素。结果表明:近17年来黑河流域植被年最大EVI值年均增幅为0.0039,年均新增植被面积为480.3 km^2。受气温、降水、耕地开垦、水资源管理措施及与其密切相关的地下水等因素的不同影响,上中下游表现出不同的变化特征。无论是年最大EVI值还是植被面积,中游的增加趋势最为显著,绿洲区较非绿洲区增加趋势更为明显。这种变化趋势短期内可能延续,但长时间内存在较大风险。研究为快速监测植被变化提供了示范,揭示了干旱区植被监测中长势变化与类型变化的同等重要性,流域植被变化的区域协同性对合理分水、加强地表-地下水协同管理等流域综合管理提出了更高要求。     

基于Sentinel-2波段/产品的图像云检测效果对比研究

高时空分辨率遥感影像对精细尺度土地利用和土地覆盖变化研究具有重要意义,然而云噪声的存在给影像的解译和分析带来了一定的挑战,因此云噪声检测作为一项基础性工作在影像解译与分析过程中扮演了非常重要的作用。QA60产品被广泛推荐为Sentinel-2卫星影像的常规云检测产品,然而,我们最近的研究发现基于QA60产品的云检测通常会出现明显的云噪声漏检测现象。为探索提高Sentinel-2卫星影像云噪声检测效果的方法,基于Google Earth Engine（GEE）平台,结合Sentinel-2卫星影像2A级（L2A）数据的2个云相关波段（B1和B9）以及4个产品（QA60、AOT、MSK_CLDPRB和SCL产品）,设计相应分割算法,并以典型区为案例,从影像波段特性、云微物理学等角度分析了相关波段/产品云检测结果的空间分布格局及差异,并借助定量化指标对云检测效果进行评价。结果表明：①在云检测算法方面,B1和B9波段采用的动态阈值分割算法稳健性较好,检测结果能在一定程度上拟合其波段特性,并合理地表征相应波段的云噪声;②从云检测空间分布看,AOT产品效果较差,B9波段和QA60产品云检测可靠性较低,B1、SCL、MSK_CLDPRB 3个波段/产品的云检测潜力较强;③从评价结果看,B1波段的云检测效果最佳,对云噪声的敏感度高于其他云相关波段/产品,查准率、查全率、准确率和F1分数均大于0.90,稳健性最好。本文验证了气溶胶（B1）波段对云检测的精确性、稳健性和敏感程度,有望为进一步优化常规云检测算法提供新参考。     

Land Change Patterns and Driving Mechanism in Beijing since 1990 based on GEE Platform

Land-cover and land-use dynamics is a key component for global change,and it is a significant form of the impact of human activities on physical environment.Basing Google Earth Engine platform and Classification And Regression Tree method,selected seven types of cultivated land,forest,grassland,wetland,water body,artificial surface and bare land as classification system,the paper used Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI images to interpret the land\|cover and land\|use since 1990 of Beijing.Simultaneously,the paper analyzed and summarized the character of land\|use changing and driving force.The results show that：(1) GEE has outstanding advantages in remote sensing data analysis and processing at regional scales.(2) The CART method has high accuracy of remote sensing classification,and the overall accuracy of validation of 6 land cover products is above 93%.The spatial consistency of 2010 products and GlobeLand30\|2010 data showed that the spatial consistency ratios of woodland,water body and cultivated land were 84.28%,74.75%and 73.56% respectively.The spatial consistency of the distribution is 74.0%.(3) The main land types in Beijing were cultivated land,woodland and artificial surface,and the area accounted for about 90%.During the period from 1990 to 2016,the artificial surface and woodland area increased,and the cultivated land and water were shrinking.The artificial surface area increase of 1 371 km²,and cultivated land shrinkage 40%;On Beijing plain area,artificial surface by the circle of “spread pie” expansion trend to “blossom everywhere” expansion trend;The expansion of the artificial surface is mainly achieved through the encroachment of cultivated land.We constructed a multidimensional stepwise linear equation model to analyze the driving force of land type change,indicated that rapid population growth,rapid economic development,government\|related policies and other socio\|economic development factors jointly drive the Beijing land-cover/land-use evolution process.     

基于Google与KL距离的概念相关度算法

WordNet在计算概念相关度时存在词汇量小、难以及时扩展更新以及同义、近义、一词多义等问题。为此,提出一种结合文本信息和图像视觉信息的概念相关度方法。利用Google距离和KL距离分别计算基于词语同现频率的概念相关度和基于视觉特征的概念相关度,并结合两者得到概念的总体相关度。实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于Google Earth影像地图数据获取的研究

将真实的遥感影像图片同传统的矢量数字地图有机地结合在一起,制作成清晰直观的影像数字地图,已经成为现今GIS系统开发的一种趋势,但专业的影像数据购买费用昂贵,大大提高了系统开发成本。现提出一种从Google Earth平台中快速提取免费的、高分辨率的遥感影像图片的方法,利用矢量数字地图中的电子地理信息对影像图片进行地图校正和信息补充,能构成一幅完整的影像数字地图,降低开发成本,提高了GIS系统的真实性、直观性和实用性。     

A novel approach to mapping land conversion using Google Earth with an application to East Africa

Effective conservation planning relies on the accurate identification of anthropogenic land cover. However, accessing localized information can be difficult or impossible in developing countries. Additionally, global medium-resolution land use land cover datasets may be insufficient for conservation planning purposes at the scale of a country or smaller. We thus introduce a new tool, GE Grids, to bridge this gap. This tool creates an interactive user-specified binary grid laid over Google Earth's high-resolution imagery. Using GE Grids, we manually identified anthropogenic land conversion across East Africa and compared this against available land cover datasets. Nearly 30% of East Africa is converted to anthropogenic land cover. The two highest-resolution comparative datasets have the greatest agreement with our own at the regional extent, despite having as low as 44% agreement at the country level. We achieved 83% consistency among users. GE Grids is intended to complement existing remote sensing datasets at local scales.