结构疲劳试验寿命数据分布类型对其使用寿命的影响

对于飞机结构疲劳试验寿命数据,工程上一般采用概率纸结合相关系数法来确定其分布类型,但用此方法,有时同一试验数据既能通过对数正态分布又能通过双参数Weibull分布的检验,而不同分布时疲劳寿命分散系数不同,用不同分散系数计算出的结构使用寿命有时会有较大的差别,给结构的定寿延寿工作带来困难。本文对此问题进行了研究,结论为:当可靠度要求低于99%时,可以采用概率纸结合相关系数法来确定其分布类型;当可靠度高于99%时,应该采用效率较高的分布检验法。     

利用蒙特卡罗法描述光在水中多前向散射

利用蒙特卡罗法模拟光在水中的传播特性。把计算机提供的均匀分布的伪随机数 ,变换成为与描述媒质散射、吸收特性的函数一致的分布。把光线散射发生后相对坐标系变换成光线散射前绝对坐标系。模拟的结果表明 :经过海水散射的光是喇叭状展开 ,且中间的光子密度大 ,向四周逐渐减小。     

变电站综合自动化及其发展

对变电站实现综合自动化的必要性和意义,以及国内外的发展动态进行了论述,并分析和比较了几种变电站综合自动化系统的方案、特点,以及我国变电站综合自动化的发展方向.     

矿区形变区及中心形变速率研究

以河南省鹤壁市鹤壁二矿、三矿、五矿和六矿为实验区,采用永久散射体差分干涉测量技术（PS—InSAR）,对实验区2008--2010年共12景ENVISATASAR数据时序SAR影像进行处理．实验结果提取出6个形变较大的相位变化区域,与实际矿区空间位置有良好的吻合,在2008--2010年期间累积形变量最大至60mm,最大形变速率为25mm／a,其它形变区域中心的形变速率都在16～20mm／a之间．     

基于数学形态学和BP神经网络的足趾形状识别方法

根据足趾二值图像形状特征,提出基于数学形态学消散度技术的足趾形状特征提取及BP神经网络聚类的足趾形状识别方法。该法依据数学形态学理论提取物体形心,仅受较少边界凹点影响,对噪声不敏感,比几何中心稳定。提取边界上距形心距离稳定并能区分不同形状的特征点及相互关系,生成特征向量。此向量在二维连续空间中,具有平移、旋转、尺度不变特征;在二维离散应用环境中,由平移、旋转、尺度变化造成误差小,稳定性强。用训练成功的BP神经网络,对不同质量足趾图像识别,均能达到较高识别率。大量实验表明,该法是满足识别精度要求、识别率高于其它方法的一种行之有效的足趾形状识别方法。     

Development of the Euro fracture toughness dataset

Ten European laboratories have generated the Euro fracture toughness dataset in order to provide an experimental data base sufficiently large to study specimen size and temperature effects on cleavage fracture toughness in the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition regime. The Euro fracture toughness dataset quantifies the fracture behaviour of the quenched and tempered pressure vessel steel DIN 22NiMoCr37. This material is frequently used in nuclear power plants. About 800 fracture toughness tests were performed using compact tension specimens with a size range from 1/2T to 4T.In the lower shelf temperature regime, no significant specimen size effects on cleavage fracture toughness scatter was observed. At higher temperatures, the lower tails of the toughness scatter bands are not significantly effected by the specimen size but with decreasing specimen size the toughness scatter increases due to the fact that the upper part of the scatter band is extended. The presence of a specimen size effect on fracture toughness scatter coincides with the appearance of single cleavage initiation sites at the fracture surface. At the lower shelf temperature both, cleavage initiation sites and size effects are not observed whereas at higher test temperatures both phenomena are present. The specimen size effect trends and the corresponding fracture surface morphology support a weakest-link type cleavage fracture mechanism in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime. A unique correlation between the amount of ductile tearing and cleavage fracture toughness was observed for the steel investigated. This result offers the possibility to determine cleavage fracture toughness from post-test fracture surface examinations.Due to the large number of tests and the wide range of testing conditions, the Euro fracture toughness dataset gives a comprehensive insight into specimen size effects and temperature effects on ductile-to-brittle transition fracture. The Euro fracture toughness dataset includes a large set of raw test data such as load versus load line displacement curves and raw tensile test data for deriving stress-strain curves. The Dataset can be downloaded from the internet via the address ftp://ftp.gkss.de/pub/eurodataset.     

半绝缘GaAs光电导开关亚皮秒传输特性的研究

 本文应用Ensemble-Monte Carlo方法模拟了半绝缘GaAs(SI-GaAs)光电导开关基于Auston等效电路亚皮秒传输特性.从载流子在开关体内的动态特性出发,研究了光电导开关在飞秒激光脉冲触发下光电导传输特性、电介质弛豫特性、开关储能特性以及开关工作模式;分析了非线性光电导开关对光能阈值和偏置电场阈值要求的物理机制.     

红外光纤的研究及应用

本文介绍了国外以重金属氧化物、硫系化合物及卤化物等材料为基质的红外光纤研制及应用现状,并简要比较了几种红外光纤的特点及发展潜力。     

Structure-Related Optical Characteristics of Thin Metallic Films in the Visible and Ultraviolet

Surface irregularities and crystalline order strongly influence both the scattered light and absorption of metallic films. These effects extend through all spectral regions but are particularly important in the visible and ultraviolet. Scattered light arises from several scattering mechanisms. Macroscopic irregularities such as dust, scratches and particulates are typically much less important than are microirregularities only a few tens of angstroms in height but covering the entire surface. For metals such as silver and aluminum, which have plasma edges in the ultraviolet, the excitation of surface plasmons resulting from these microirregularities causes additional incoherently reemitted or “scattered” light. Surface plasmon excitation also causes increased absorption in some wavelength regions. These effects are enhanced by dielectric overcoating layers, which both increase the absorption and scattering and shift the wavelength at which the peak occurs. Surface plasmon excitation is particularly important in the ultraviolet region, where the dielectric overcoating applied to prevent formation of an oxide film on aluminized mirrors, for example, can significantly change the mirror reflectance. Plasmon excitation is made possible by a momentum conserving process associated with material inhomogeneities and hence can presumably be caused by crystalline disorder in the metal surface as well as surface irregularities. If the disorder is present on a sufficiently fine scale, it also affects the band structure of the metal and hence its optical absorption. Examples of the effect of film structure on the optical properties of evaporated and sputtered metal films will be given.     

Development of the Local Approach to Fracture over the Past 25 years: Theory and Applications

This review paper is devoted to the local approach to fracture (LAF) for the prediction of the fracture toughness of structural steels. The LAF has been considerably developed over the past two decades, not only to provide a better understanding of the fracture behaviour of materials, in particular the failure micromechanisms, but also to deal with loading conditions which cannot easily be handled with the conventional linear elastic fracture mechanics and elastic–plastic fracture mechanics global approaches. The bases of this relatively newly developed methodology are first presented. Both ductile rupture and brittle cleavage fracture micromechanisms are considered. The ductile-to-brittle transition observed in ferritic steels is also briefly reviewed. Two types of LAF methods are presented: (i) those assuming that the material behaviour is not affected by damage (e.g. cleavage fracture), (ii) those using a coupling effect between damage and constitutive equations (e.g. ductile fracture). The micromechanisms of brittle and ductile fracture investigated in elementary volume elements are briefly presented. The emphasis is laid on cleavage fracture in ferritic steels. The role of second phase particles (carbides or inclusions) and grain boundaries is more thoroughly discussed. The distinction between nucleation and growth controlled fracture is made. Recent developments in the theory of cleavage fracture incorporating both the effect of stress state and that of plastic strain are presented. These theoretical results are applied to the crack tip situation to predict the fracture toughness. It is shown that the ductile-to-brittle transition curve can reasonably be well predicted using the LAF approach. Additional applications of the LAF approach methods are also shown, including: (i) the effect of loading rate and prestressing; (ii) the influence of residual stresses in welds; (iii) the mismatch effects in welds; (iv) the warm-prestressing effect. An attempt is also made to delineate research areas where large improvements should be made for a better understanding of the failure behaviour of structural materials.