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71.
A model is developed to address the uniformity of displacement deposition of nickel inside porous silicon with an ultrahigh aspect ratio as high as 200. The nickel distribution is treated as a current distribution issue as in electrodeposition. It is shown that the deposition distribution along the pore depth exhibits a strong dependence on a polarization parameter ξ. High values of ξ correspond to mass transport limitations and lead to non-uniform distributions, whereas small ξ values, representing interfacial reaction control, produce uniform distributions. Non-uniform deposition primarily occurs at an initial stage in which the reaction is dominated by mass transfer. As the deposition process continues, the deposition rate drops to a low value, and the deposition uniformity shifts from Ni2+ mass transport limitations to its interfacial reaction control, leading to uniform Ni2+ concentration and deposition rate distributions. It is predicted that the non-uniformity at the initial stage could be remedied by increasing the bulk concentration of the nickel ions and decreasing the plating bath pH. In addition, the uniformity of the deposition distribution can be significantly improved by introducing inhibiting additive coumarin to the plating solution. 相似文献
72.
As previously reported, high surface area microporous carbons with long-range order can be synthesized by using zeolite Y as a template. In this work, an attempt is made to synthesize porous carbon using several other types of zeolites (zeolite β, ZSM-5, mordenite and zeolite L). Special attention is paid to whether the structural regularity of each zeolite can be transferred to the carbon structure as well as with the case of zeolite Y. The carbon filling method was then examined to see which gives the highest regularity to the carbon structure. It has been found that the optimum carbon filling method for zeolite Y is not an optimum one for the other zeolites and the degree of the regularity of long-range ordering in the carbons strongly depends on zeolite type. The order of the regularity in the resultant carbons is zeolite β>>zeolite L>mordenite>ZSM-5. The effect of zeolite type on the regularity is discussed in relation to the size and the shape of the zeolite channels. 相似文献
73.
Chen Kou Wei H. Ted Davis Eugenia A. Davis Joan Gordon 《Chemical Engineering Communications》1987,56(1):269-284
A capillary tube model was solved to investigate the influence of mass transfer coefficient, temperature, and front depth on the evaporation rate during the penetrating-front period of water-filled porous media dried in hot air. The results show that increasing the flow rate of the drying air is not so efficient as increasing the sample temperature. Due to attenuating diffusion rate, the rate of liquid front migration decreases with time. The calculations explain the falling rate period behavior of sandstone heated at 121°C. Trends depicted by the model may be useful for the design of heating conditions for drying processes. 相似文献
74.
Norikazu Nishiyama Tao Zheng Yusuke Yamane Yasuyuki Egashira Korekazu Ueyama 《Carbon》2005,43(2):269-274
Microporous carbons have been synthesized by the carbonization of cationic surfactant-resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF) composites, which were themselves formed by electrostatic organic-organic interaction. The porous structure produced by the decomposition of the surfactant plays an important role for the gasification of the RF polymer at higher temperatures. The pore size of the carbon prepared from tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPAB)-RF, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TAB)-RF and decyltrimethylammonium bromide (C10TAB)-RF mixtures can be estimated as 0.53 nm from the Horvath-Kawazoe method using N2 adsorption isotherms. Their pore size distributions were very narrow, showing that the microporous carbons derived from surfactant-RF mixture may have promise as adsorbents and membrane materials. 相似文献
75.
The relation between porous structure, electronic properties of carbonaceous material and the capacitance of its interface with an electrolyte is discussed. It is shown that, in an electric double-layer, the contribution of pseudocapacitive charge accumulation is determined, mainly, by the position of Fermi level in the carbonaceous material and depends on thermodynamic parameters of ions in the electolytic solution. The sizes of the pores in which the processes of capacitive and pseudocapacitive charge accumulation dominate are determined. Theoretical analysis of the processes taking place on the nanoporous carbon|electrolyte interface has made it possible to recognize the intercalative nature of pseudocapacity and to find the criterion of its manifestation in the form of the formation of a continuous series of stable valency phases. 相似文献
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77.
This paper numerically evaluates the hydrodynamic drag force exerted on two highly porous spheres moving steadily along their centerline (sphere #1 and sphere #2) through a quiescent Newtonian fluid over a Reynolds number ranging from 0.1 to 40. At creeping flow limit, the drag forces exerted on both spheres were identical. At higher Reynolds numbers the drag force on sphere #1 was higher than sphere #2, revealing the shading effects produced by sphere #1 on sphere #2. At dimensionless diameter (β, =df/2k0.5, df and k are floc diameter and interior permeability, respectively) >20, the spheres can be regarded nonporous. At β<20, the drag forces dropped. At β<2, the drag forces approached “no-spheres” limit. An increased size ratio of two spheres (df1/df2) would increase the drag force on sphere #1 and reduce that on sphere #2. At increasing β for both spheres, the drag force on sphere #2 was increased because of the more difficult advective flow through its interior, and at the same time the drag was reduced owing to the stronger wake flow produced by the denser sphere #1. The competition between these two effects leads to complicated dependence of drag force on sphere #2 on β value. These effects were minimal when β became low. Two identical spheres could move steadily along their centerline. At higher Reynolds number, the two spheres would move closer because of the incorporation of inertia force. For spheres of different diameters, the sphere # 2 would move faster than sphere #1 regardless of their size ratio and β value. This occurrence yielded efficient coagulation when two porous spheres were moving in-line. 相似文献
78.
The inverse problem approach by conjugate gradient with adjoint equations is adapted to the context of a non-isothermal bioprocess, controlled by internal heat generation from microbial oxidation, as could be found in a composting reactor for instance, to determine the heat source from internal temperature measurements. The volumetric heat source is assumed proportional to the rate of consumption of a substrate by a biomass, as described by a Monod model. Computations are performed for Rayleigh numbers equal to 0.25 and 25, for a representative biochemical reaction under typical boundary conditions, for constant and temperature-dependent model parameters. The influence of noisy input data is also considered. It is found that good solutions can be obtained when heat release and diffusion occur over very different time scales. The variation of the model parameters with temperature must be taken into account, but single sensor solutions are possible at relatively small Rayleigh numbers when convection is present. 相似文献
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